7 th grade Social Studies Chapter 1Introduction This chapter will introduce you to Early People You will learn about the first humans and about the modern scientists and historians who study them ID: 679991
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Slide1
Early Man
Chapter 1 and 27th grade Social StudiesSlide2
Chapter 1-Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to
Early People
. You will learn about the first humans and about the modern scientists and historians who study them.
Section 1: Studying the Distant Past
Section 2: Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Section 3: Populating the EarthSlide3
Chapter 1
Section 1 Studying the Distant PastSlide4
Key terms
anthropology
—
the study of how human beings behave
archaeologist
—an anthropologist who studies human life by examining the things that people leave behind
prehistory
—the time before written
records
fossil
—
hardened remains or imprints of living things that existed long ago
geologist
—a scientist who studies the physical materials of Earth itself, such as soil and rocks
artifact
—an object made and used by humansSlide5
Archaeologists
find and study fossils of living things to understand the prehistoric past.Techniques that geologists use to determine the
age of fossils include
layering;
radioactive
dating;
and
DNA
analysis.
Study of Early HumansSlide6
Leakeys found evidence of early human life in Olduvai Gorge in East Africa.
Johanson found hundred of human bone fragments in Ethiopia. White discovered an almost complete skeleton that was about 4.4 million years old.Brunet- Discovered a 7 million year old skull in west Africa.
Important DiscoveriesSlide7
Timeline Practice
Mary and Louis
Leakey first evidence of human life in Olduvai Gorge, Africa
1959
2009
1974
2001
Tim White discovers
Ardi
Donald
Johanson
discovers Lucy
Michael Brunet finds “oldest” skull
1970’s
2000’s
2000’s
1990’s
1980’s
Create equal area timeline and fill in dates and information correctly.Slide8
Quiz Sect.1
Which phrase defines the time called prehistory?
Before computers
Before the year 0
Before written records
Before the year 2000
What do human fossils contain?
bones
brains
skin
hair
What is an artifact?
An imprint of a plant from long ago
The remains of a person from long ago
A food prepared or eaten by humans
An object made or used by humans
What are geologists able to tell archaeologists about fossils?
The beliefs of early people
How early people lived
How old they are
What they were used for
What does an archaeologist study?
H
ow people act when they are togetherThe things that people in the past left behindWhat happens if certain chemicals are combined
Why people need certain foods to survive.Slide9
Chapter 1
Section 2 Hunter-Gatherer SocietiesSlide10
Key terms
hunter-gatherers
—
people who lived
by hunting
small animals and gathering plants
technology
—
tools and skills that people
use to
meet their wants and needs
culture
—
the many different elements
that make
up the way of life of a people
nomads—
people who move from place
to place
with the seasonsSlide11
Lived by hunting small animals and gathering plants.
Tools were very simply made from stone and animal bones to hunt, cut down trees, and cut animal skin.Fire was a huge discovery for humans, could be used as light, to cook the food they had gathered, and to fight.They were natural travelers, they never stayed in one place too long.
Hunter Gatherer SocietiesSlide12
Neanderthals
vs. Homo Sapiens200,000 years ago
Short, sturdy skeletons.
Simple language skills.
No art or music.
Simple burial practices.
100,000 years ago
Taller, Slimmer bodies
Complex language skills
Art and MusicComplex burial practices.
Neanderthals
Homo Sapiens
Both
made
hunting
tools.
used fire.
had
large
brains.
lived
in the same
region about
30,000 to 40,000 years ago.Slide13Slide14
Quiz Sect.2
Which describes one way that early hunter-gatherers got food?
They used chickens to lay eggs.
They used tools to kill animals.
They grew crops on farms.
They grew seeds and nuts.
What was the main unit of Stone Age culture?
Groups of either hunters or gatherers
A mother, a father, and children
Large tribes led by several leaders
A small group or band of people
Which is a kind of technology used by Stone Age humans?
Fire
Burial
Crops
Eggs
How do nomads live?
They return to the same place each summer and winter.
They make villages from connected caves.
They travel from place to place with the seasons.
they build villages with permanent homes.
Which group was the first to bury its dead?
hunter-gatherers
NeanderthalsHomo sapiens
Early Stone Age humansSlide15
Chapter 1
Section 3 Populating the EarthSlide16
Key terms
populate
—
become inhabitants of
migration
—process in which
people
leave their
homeland to
live somewhere
else
environment
—
surroundings
adapt
—
change one’s way of life
clan
—
group of families with a
common ancestor
animism
—belief that the natural world
is filled with spiritsSlide17
Population Growth
Two Migration Theories
Out of Africa
Separate Origins
Homo sapiens
originated
in Africa.
They then migrated
to other parts
of the world.
Large-brained humans developed separately in many places.
Different types mixed together and eventually became
Homo sapiens.Slide18Slide19Slide20
With every move people had to adapt, or change their way of life, to their new environment.
Climate- Over the past 2 million years, there have been four major Ice Ages.Staying warm- people built huts out of Mammoths fur and cover themselves in animals skins.Larger groups- People could work together to hunt and defend communities.
Developments of clans and clan leaders for community decision-making roles
Development of trading began
Adapting to Varied EnvironmentsSlide21
Artwork- With people living in caves, they started to paint and draw figures and animals on the walls.
Burial practices- People buried their dead with certain items such as Ivory.Religion- Research suggest that early people believed in spirits of the world.
Developing Complex CulturesSlide22
The Big Change
Paleolithic Era/Stone Age
Neolithic Era/New Stone Age
toSlide23
Quiz Sect.3
What is the term for the belief that spirits fill the natural world?
humanism
naturalism
spiritualism
animism
What happens during a migration?
People stay in one place and home or many years.
People move places and homes with the seasons.
People move from their homeland to a new place.
People welcome new people to their home.
What is a clan?
A group of families with a common ancestor
A group of unrelated people who share beliefs
A grandfather, a father, and a grandson
A mother, a father, and their children
Why did modern humans have to adapt?
They had to make new cave paintings.
They had to adjust to new environments.
They had to change their belief systems.
They had to move to America.
How did the world change when modern humans populated it?
They were humans on every island.
There were humans only in Africa.There were humans in every region.There were humans just in warm places.Slide24
Chapter 2-Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to the
Beginning of Civilization
. You will learn about early agriculture and how it made permanent settlements possible.
Section 1: Early Agriculture
Section 2: Cities and CivilizationsSlide25
Chapter 2
Section 1 Early AgricultureSlide26
Key terms
revolution
—
a complete change in ways of thinking, working, or living
domesticate
—to change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful for humans
surplus
—
more of something than one needs for one’s own use
specialization
—occurs when people spend most of their time working at a single job or craftSlide27
Old Stone Age
Humans began to make stone tools about 2.5 million years ago.
This
era is
also called
the Paleolithic
Age
Hunter-gatherers
lived in bands of 10 or
12 adults and their children.Finding food was the main activity for hunter-gatherers.
Men
and boys hunted.
Women
and girls
gathered.
They
were nomads who moved with the seasons
to
find
food.
Groups sometimes found shelter in caves. They also
built temporary shelter from branches or animal skin.
Stone Age
New Stone Age
Farming started
Domestication of plants and animals
Two large-brained humans appeared
Neanderthals
Homo sapiens
Development of more complex language skillsSlide28
Farming changed everything for mankind
People had to modify their surrounding in order to help them with food.Domestication- People could change behavior of animals and plants to their advantage.Example- plants became crops, and horses and oxen became work animals.They created new tools such as axes and sickles to help cut crops and trees.
Early AgricultureSlide29
Scientist believe that farming originated in Asia and spread from there.
Cost- Farming took time and effort, crops didn’t always work, and nomads would steal food.Benefits- Required less moving and could feed a family for an entire year on just 6-7 acres of land.
Spread of FarmingSlide30Slide31
Shelters were made of mud, straw and branches for a more permanent standing home.
Clothing- Cotton and linen were used to make clothing instead of animal skins.Surplus- More than needed.Specialization- Spend most time working on one job.
Social status- In these communities, social status will start to make an appearance in societies.
New Ways of LivingSlide32
Çatalh
ö
y
ü
k
One of the oldest known farming villages
Home to a few thousand people
Attached private dwellings
with no
large public buildings
Evidence of shared religious
rituals
One of the largest and best-preserved Neolithic village in the world.Slide33
Quiz Sect.1
What happens during a revolution?
Life changes some
Life changes completely
Life changes a little
Life doesn’t change at all
What can you do with domesticated animals?
Watch them hunt
Study their origins
Hunt then for food
Use them for work.
3.
Specialization includes people who
are very good at one skill
Grow all their own food
Speak one language very well
Can solve almost any problem
When there is a surplus of food,
Extra food spoils
People wait in line for food
Families have extra food
Not enough rain falls to grow food
What made the first villages possible?Warm clothinggovernment
armiesfarmingSlide34
Chapter 2
Section 2 Cities and CivilizationsSlide35
Key terms
economy
—
the system that a community
uses to
produce and distribute goods and service
civilization
—
complex society that has cities,
a well-organized
government, and workers
with specialized
job skills
resource
—
a supply of something that can
be used
as needed
religion
—a set of shared beliefs
about supernatural
powers that created and rulethe world
social classes—groups of people that occupy different ranks or levels in societySlide36
City of
Uruk- Founded 6,000 year ago and was said to have 6,000 people living in the city.Uruk had a more complex government system to help rule such a large population.
Economic system-
Uruk
was economically dependent on farming and trading.
Uruk
attracted many people including raiders, which is why the city had a wall.
First CitiesSlide37
How
Uruk
differed from
Çatalh
ö
y
ü
k
Uruk
was much larger with many
more people
.
Uruk
had complex government instead
of village
councils.
Uruk
had a more complex economy,
based on
trade and farming instead of just farmingSlide38
Civilization- complex society that has cities, a well- organized government, and workers with specialized job skills.
Resource- Supply of something that can be used as needed.Many civilizations grow around a river valley in order to have enough resources to provide for a village.
Rise of CivilizationsSlide39
Cities-Emerged near farming centers, served as centers of religion, government, and culture.
Organized government- Main role was to control resources and train an army.Religion-belief of supernatural powers that created and rule the world. Power to rule was granted by gods.
Job Specialization- Made sure that there was not too many of one specific job being done.
Features of a CivilizationSlide40Slide41
Social classes- Groups of people that occupy different ranks or levels in society.
Public Works- Any building that needs to be built in the city falls under this feature.Arts and Architecture- Responsible for decorating magnificent temples, tombs, and palaces.
System of Writing- Responsible for keeping up with the records of the civilization
. Slide42
Quiz Sect.2
What happens in a community’s economy?
Services produce goods and store them for later use.
G
oods and services are produced and distributed.
Hunter, gatherers, and farmers produce everything.
Enough goods are produced for a small number of people to survive.
Which best defines a civilization?
A community ruled by customs and a council to settle disputes
A community built on farming instead of hunting and gathering
A community with cities, government, and specialized workers
A community that has many different social classes
What were the most important resources for early civilizations?
Workers and their skills
Hunters and gatherers
Soil, water, and seeds
Meat, furs, and skins
Which features of civilization is a set of shared beliefs about the world?
Religion
The arts
Government
Job specialization
Which term could you use to describe the structure of social classes in early civilizations?
Circle
SquareTrianglepyramidSlide43
Cities
Organized Government
Established
Religion
Job Specialization
Social Classes
Public
Works
Arts and Architecture
Writing
Features of Civilization
On paper draw and fill in the boxes for each heading.