Glass is a material which is used in every day life It is a mixture of sand soda ash lime stone and small various elements to control color then heated to form glass When drawn into small ID: 459794
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Glass
Glass is a material which is used in every day life.
It is a mixture of sand,
soda ash, lime
stone, and small various elements to control
color, then heated to form glass.
When drawn into small pieces
, glass is stronger than steel, though
not nearly as stiff.
In larger pieces,
the microscopic imperfections that are an inherent characteristic of glass reduce its useful strength to
significantly
lower levels, particularly intension.When a
surf
ace of a sheet of glass is placed in sufi
cient
tension,
as happens when an object strikes the glass, cracks propagate from an imperfection near the point of maximum tension and the glass shatters.Slide3
Glass
The origins of glass are lost in pre
h
istory
.
Initially a material for colored beads and small bottles, glass was fi
rst used in windows in Roman times.
The largest known piece of Roman
glass, a sheet used for a window
in a public bath at Pompeii, was nearly 3 by 4 feet (800 by 1100 mm) in size.
Today, it takes many forms in buildings
. C
hurch windows made of thousands of jewel-like pieces of colored glass
.
Skyscrapers that shimmer in facets of
reflective glass mirroring the sky.Slide4
Basic information about glass
Transparent material
Transmit and reflect daylight, different coefficient of transmission during day and night
Usually it has density about 2500 kg/m3
U
ndesirable
characteristic of being brittle
and subject to
shattering under shock.
Difference according to thicknes
(from
1
to
19
mm)
Used like subdivision element
Reflection during night are exciting
and because of that glass is used inExternal parts of skyscrapers Slide5
Types of glasses
Float:
the most widely used method of molten glass manufactured
.
This glass is more commonly known as window glass
. M
ade by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. This method gives the glass uniform thickness and a very flat surface.
It gives full transparency.
Also used for
mirror
plate,
furniture and
decoration
.Slide6
Types of glasses
Antique:
or restoration glass is either true antique glass that has been salvaged or it is authentically reproduced or
artificially simulated. Slight distortions, occasional pits and other imperfections characterize most antique glass.
Bent:
glass that is curved, bent at an angle, spherical or segmented portions of same.Slide7
Types of glasses
Beveled
:
panels of straight line or
curved glass with a beveled perimeter edge for elegant look.
The beveled angle is variable and dependent
upon the bevel width and the thickness of glass required.
Generally, the wider the beveled edge, the thicker the glass.
Beveled glass can
also be incorporated in sealed insulating panels and a wide variety of shapes
and sizes are available.Slide8
Types of glasses
Etched & Frosted:
glass that is rendered opaque from chemical wash or sandblasting. Often, intricate designs are
permanently applied to various types of clear glass.
A sheet of frosted glass is an excellent privacy aid because it admits light without allowing people to see through it.
Decorative patterns may be used Slide9
Types of glasses
Fiberglass:
is not real glass but rather includes epoxy resins and glass fibers. Available in various colors
.F
iberglass is not recommended for use in sealed insulating units because the various sealing agents may interact with the
fiberglass and deteriorate.
It is a lightweight, extremely strong, and
forcefulmaterial.Slide10
Types of glasses
Plexiglass
:
It is derived from natural gas, turned into a clear, watery white liquid, heated to form a transparent solid shape - nearly any solid shape. Acrylics are then manufactured into large sheets, rods, tubes, profiles and specific shape designs.
However,
plexiglass scratches easily and can become brittle in cold temperatures
.Slide11
Types of glasses
Stained
:
glass that is manufactured with various pigments.
Not to be confused with painted glass, stained glass
contains its specific coloration during the molten state of glass manufacturing.
This is made by adding metallic salts during its manufacture.
Mostly used for decoration.Slide12
Types of glasses
Leaded:
a variety of glass that is assembled in usually intricate curved and straight line patterns and connected
together with lead or other metalic came.
Leaded glass is usually associated with stained glass and is not recommended in unprotected applications.
Sunlite
decreases the strength of lead came causing the glass plane to warp and weaken. In many large windows, steel frames
replace leaded came.Slide13
Types of glasses
Heat-Treated Glass:
This glass is produced by reheating
annealed glass in an oven to approximately 1800 degrees Fahrenheit
(980 C) and then cooling both of its surfaces rapidly with blasts of air
while its core cools much more slowly.
This process induces permanent compressive stresses in the edges and faces of the glass and tensile
stresses in the core. The
result is a glass stronger in bending than annealed glass and more resistant to thermal stress and impact. These properties make heat-treated glass useful for windows exposed to
heavy wind pressures, impact, or intense heat or cold.Slide14
Types of glasses
Tempered glass
:
has higher residual stresses than heat-strengthened glass and is about four times as strong in bending as annealed glass.
If it is break broken, the sudden release of its internal stresses reduces tempered glass instantaneously to small, square-edged granules rather than long, sharp-edged shards.
Tempered glass is more costly than annealed glass. It often has noticeable optical distortions created by the tempering process.Slide15
Types of glasses
Heat-strengthened
glass is about twice as strong in bending annealed glass and is more resistant to thermal stress.
It usually has fewer distortions than tempered glass. Its breakage behavior is more like that of annealed glass than tempered glass.
It cannot be used where safety glazing is required except in laminated form .Slide16
Types of glasses
Laminated
glass is made by sandwiching a transparent polyvinyl
butyral
(PVB) interlayer between sheets of glass and bonding the three layers together under heat and pressure.Laminated glass is not as strong as annealed glass of the same thickness, but when laminated glass breaks, the soft interlayer holds the shards of glass in place rather than allowing them to fall out of the frame of the window.
This makes laminated glass useful for skylights and overhead glazing, because it reduces the risk of injury to people below in case of breakage.
Laminated glass is a better barrier to the transmission of sound than solid glass.Slide17
Types of glasses
Chemically strengthened glass
The temperatures involved in chemical strengthening are lower, chemically strengthened glass does not experience the optical distortions or warping that are common with heat-treated glass.
It can be cut after strengthening, although its strength is diminished along the cut edges.
When chemically strengthened glass breaks, it produces large, hazardous shards. Slide18
Types of glasses
Fire-Rated Glass
is used in doors, windows, curtain walls like a protection from fire and smoke during fire.
Wired glass is produced by rolling a mesh of small wires into a sheet of hot glass. When wired glass breaks from thermal stress, the wires hold the sheets of glass in place so that the glass continues to act as a re barrier.
This can make a barrier up to 45 minutes.Slide19
Types of glasses
Spandrel Glass
Spandrel glass is a type of glass that is used to cover construction materials. In addition to being entirely durable, spandrel glass can also be used in an aesthetically appealing way. Spandrel is commonly used between certain sections of a building including the area between floors, columns, ceilings, and other small or large spaces.
Spandrel glass is available in numerous shades ranging from green to bronze.Slide20
Types of glasses
Tinted glass
is made by adding small amounts of selected chemical elements to the molten glass mixture to produce the desired hue and intensity of color in grays, bronzes, blues, greens, and
golds
. By tinting glass, its visible light transmittance is reduced.
The visible light transmittance of commercially available tinted glass-
es ranges from about 0.75 in the lightest tints to 0.10 for dark gray.Slide21
Types of glasses
Fritted Glass
Frits are used to create special opaque glasses for covering spandrel areas (the bands of wall around the edges of doors) in glass curtain wall construction. A uniform coating of frit is applied to what will be the interior surface of the glass.
After the frit has been printed on the glass, the glass is dried and then red in a tempering furnace, transforming the frit into a hard, permanent ceramic coating. Many colors are possible in both translucent and opaque finishes.Slide22
Types of glasses
Refl ective Coated Glass
Thin, durable layer of metal or metal oxide can be deposited on a surface of either clear or tinted glass sheets under closely controlled conditions to make
reflective
coated glass, also called solar control glass.
Depending on its composition, the layer may be applied to either the inside of the glass or the outside.Slide23
Glazing
Window glass is a poor thermal insulator.
A single sheet of glass
(single glazing) conducts heat about 5 times as fast as 1 inch (25 mm) of polystyrene foam insulation and 20 times as fast as a well-insulated wall.
A second sheet of glass
applied to a window with an airspace between the two sheets(double glazing) cuts this rate of heat loss in half.
A third sheet with its additional airspace (triple glazing) reduces the rate of heat loss to about a third of the rate through a single sheet. A triple-glazed window, however, still loses heat about six times as fast as the wall in which it is placed.Slide24
Low-Emissivity Coated Glass
Low-e coatings
are ultrathin, virtually transparent, and almost colorless metallic coatings that selectively reject solar radiation of different wavelengths.
They have a high visible light transmittance and, depending on the particular coating, a low transmittance for some or all types of infrared radiation (heat).
Low-e coated glass is most commonly used as one of the two lights in double glazing, where it offers several benefitsSlide25
Self-Cleaning Glass
Glass tends to attract dirt, and must be washed periodically both inside and out to maintain its transparency.
Self-cleaning glass is coated with titanium oxide on its exterior surface.
This coating acts as a catalyst that enables sunlight to convert organic dirt to carbon dioxide and water.
It also causes rainwater to run down the surface in sheets rather than to bead up. Nonorganic dirt, such as sand, is unaffected by the catalyst, but the sheets of water are more effective at removing such matter than beaded water. Slide26
Smart glass
Glass that can change its optical properties is called
chromogenic
glass.
Thermochromic glass
becomes darker when it is warmed by the sun.Photochromic
glass becomes darker when exposed to bright light.
Electrochromic glass
changes its transparency in response to the passage of electric current.Antireflective
glass minimizes residual reflections that normally occur when light levels differ significantly on the opposite sides of glass.
It is used for glazing in showrooms, display areas, sports stadiums, art-work framing, and other applications where the highest possible optical quality is desired. Slide27
Mirrors
They totally reflect light and make a picture.
Mirrors are made of mirror glass, which has a thin silver based coating on its back side. A thin layer of copper applied over the silver prevents corrosion, and a second layer of backing paint provides additional protection
.
Might be float or curved.Slide28
Plastic Glazing Sheets
Transparent plastic sheet materials are often used instead of glass for specialized glazing applications.
The two most common plastic glazing materials are
acrylic
and polycarbonate
.Both are more expensive than ordinary float glass. Both have very high
coeficients of thermal expansion, which cause them not merely to expand and contract with temperature changes, but also to bow visibly toward the warm side when subjected to high indo or outdoor temperature differentials.
This, in turn, requires that plastic sheet materials be installed in their frames with relatively expensive glazing details that allow for plenty of linear movement and rotation.
Both polycarbonate and acrylic are soft and easily scratched, although more scratch-resistant formulations are available. Slide29
Aerogel-Filled Glazing
Aerogel
, a silicon-based foam that is 99.8 percent air, can be used to fill the cavity in double-glazed glass or plastic products.
It is milky in color, not fully transparent, and has a visible transmittance that varies with its thickness.
It has a small density and very good insulation properties.
This type of glazing has a good light to solar gain ratio, making it an
effcient source of diffuse, low-contrast, natural daylight.Slide30
GlazingSlide31
GlazingSlide32
Glazing
The design objectives for a large light glazing system are:
1.
To support the weight of the glass in such a way that the glass is not subjected to intense or abnormal stress patterns
2. To support the glass against wind pressure and suction
3. To isolate the glass from the effects of structural deflections in the frame of the building and in the smaller framework of mullions that supports the glass
4. To allow for expansion and contraction of both glass and frame without damage to either
5. To avoid contact of the glass with the frame of the window or with any other material that could abrade or stress the glassSlide33
Thank you for your attention
Made by:
Amel
Adilovic