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GLOBAL DATA ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS WHO/NMH/PBD/12.01 ilvio_3.indd 1 012-07-25 09:17:08 © World Health Organization 2012 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http:// www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions exceped, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify ned in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The respon-sibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The author is a staff member of the World Health Organization. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in thispublication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the World Health Organization. WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland.the2008Revision,fromPopula(4).regionsp://www.who.int/about/regions/en/index.html economicindicatorsHuman2009fromUnited(5),BankIndicators2009(6),OrganizaDevelopmentBriefs2009(7), availableWHO/ sfyingtheinclusionmatesanddeterminedWHOregionsthreegroups:nondisaggregatedgender.groupscontheadjusted icd/2006updates.pdf impairmentcomprisescategoriescategoriesThecategoriesandimpairment(6/186/60 combined(6/183/60) theyreferred"low WHOstructurebasedpopulatabulaaccording WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland.EconomiesLowerUpperIncome,Income)(6)thegroupyearsolder,becausethefocusedthisgroup.Sinceonlyprevalenceblindnessparameter.Theothereconomic(5,7,8)healthindicators(9)testedcorrela(0.5regioncountriesclusteredBankEconomiesculatedcountriesPPPcountriesfound11.matescausesyears(2,3) thegroupcalculatedthethewerepercentagecauseslevel,includingtheregionalonlysimplededucregressionknownregionaluncertainthegroupandolderaroundtheother20%.onalthesenumerousRESULTSsourcesfromthethisAnnexThe38,20052008,20012004;.themajority(12,13),targegroupsstudiessfyinginclusionprovidsupporimpairmenttheWHOeachWHORegionprevalenceblindnesscouneconomicdatadescribedMethods.AfricanRegioncountriesMiddlenarrow93.2thepopulaRegion.countriesMiddle(UMI)Highrepresencountries,availableinclusiontheregion.similarthesecountriestheyconsideredsingleclusterPPP.weightedindnessimputedRegion.theRegiontheAmericascountriesintoclusterscorrespondingthe(10UMI(20countries)triescluster,UMIcluster.combinedthecountriesLMIUMIclustersrepresented80%totalpopulaweightedaveragetheprevalenceblindnessderivedclustersthecountriestheWHO RegionCountries with studiesBotswana, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, United Republic Of African RegionArgentina, Brasil, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, VenezuelaRegion of the AmericasIslamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Pakistan, Eastern Mediterranean RegionRussian Federation, TurkmenistanEuropean RegionBangladesh, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, South-East Asian Re-gionCambodia, China, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Viet NamWestern Pacific Region WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland.RecenttheclusprevalencepreviousWHO(2,3).EasternMediRegionclusThecountriesLMI,counUMIfromcountriestheandEuropeanRegionthreened,oneUMIcountriesLMIandcountryeachcountryandanalogouslycountryLMI/RecentthisforclusterWHO(2,3).ioncountriesRegionAnnexothercountriesRegioneitherincludedcountriesalmostpopularegion(IndiaThethecountrieshercountriestheRegionsurveysconductedareascombinedurbanngsAnnexcountriesthecountriestheincludedwithcountriesclassioneUMIthethirdcom,3).onecountrycondandcountriesthethirdclusterAnnexandPrevalenceVisualImpairment285246peopleimpairedand82%yearsandolder(Tablepeopletheentageglobalparentheses.Figureshowsnumberpeoimpaired,WHOChinavisualuncorrectedrefracerrorscataracts,43%andvely.glaucoma,agedegenera(AMD),nopathy,trachomacornealopaciabout18%,determined,causescataract,51%,glaucoma,AMD,childhoodcornealuncorrectedtrachoma,3%,nopathytheundetermined(FigureB).presentslimitathethesurveysRapidagesolder,studiesfew.nsequencepresentacountriesandfordataerrorscultclearlytheycouldhighdata.Easternrecentdatahenceextentsurveys19931998(2,3)Datafromcountriesmissdatedthatcountriesavailablecechangescombinedtheseunderapproximatelycausesuncertainty.Thissurveysthe capacity,butcularlytruethe 7.38.56.925.628.749.332.740.548.2AFRAMREMREURSEAR-IndiaWPR-ChinaIndiaChina Blind per million population Low Vision per million population Visually impaired per million population Numberpeople(inthousands)blind,withlowvisionandvisuallyimpairedpermillionpopulation WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland.assessmentsaimcataractagespercentagesundeterminedcausesrstlyavailablereplaceextrapprevalencecountriesmissingeconomiccountriapproachproducingThetransthanexpertassumpbetweencountriesadjustmentsandcorrecadaptedBecausehavechanged,presentpreviouslyareasreducvisualThisincreaseddevelopment,butconsequenceinvestmentsandsegmentdiseasescauseimpairmentworldwide,becomeimportant,agingfromglaucomadiabenopathygreatersuchtrachomacornealtheurgentdevelopmenteyeeyeeducaCONCLUSIONMonitoringpoliciesandavoidablecantuncertainthatcouldreducedforrecordingcausesurgenttheserequirethedevelopmenteyeincludinghumanresourcesandREFERENCESNégrelPararajasegaramGlobalWorldOrgan1995;:115Etya'aleimpairment2002.BullWorldOrgan2004;:844impairmentcauseduncorrectedrefrac2004.HealthOrgan2008;:63:70.DepartmentpopulaProspects:20082009(advanceReport2009.p://hdr.undp.org/hdr2009date March1st,2010.Bank.listeconomies2009)p://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/ Resources/ClASS.xlsMarch15,2010. EconomicDevelopavailablep://www.oecd.org/ publicaons/PolicybriefsdateMay2010. EconomicandSocialSocialp://www.unescap.org/estd/psis/populadate 2010. HealthOrganizaHealth2009.WHO2009.PokharelGP,2002updatepopulaprevalenceOphthalmic2004;:67115.InternaonalOrganizareviewdolo2009workingKumarIndrayanprevalencecataractblindness1997;:0149posedsesOphthalmic2006;Fundingstatementspecifromanyfundingthesectors. WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. Visually Impaired (in years) Population (millions) Blind Low Vision Visually Impaired all ages 6,737.50 39.365 (0.58) 246.024 (3.65) 285.389 (4.24) peoplecorrespondingpercentagetheRegionandWHO Region Blindness Low vision Visual Impairment WHO Region Total population (millions) No. in millions (percentage ) No. in millions (percentage) No. in millions (percentage)Afr804.9 (11.9)5.888 (15)20.407 (8.3)26.295 (9.2)Amr915.4 (13.6)3.211(8)23.401 (9.5)26.612 (9.3)Emr580.2 (8.6)4.918 (12.5)18.581 (7.6)23.499 (8.2)Eur889.2 (13.2)2.713 (7)25.502 (10.4)28.215 (9.9)Sear (India excluded)579.1 (8.6)3.974 (10.1)23.938 (9.7)27.913 (9.8)Wpr (China excluded)442.3 (6.6)2.338 (6)12.386 (5)14.724 (5.2)India1181.4 (17.5)8.075 (20.5)54.544 (22.2)62.619 (21.9)China1344.9 (20)8.248 (20.9)67.264 (27.3)75.512 (26.5) World 6737.5 (100) 39.365 (100) 246.024 (100) 285.389 (100) thenumberpeoplevisually2010;parenthesistheprevalence WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. childhood, 1% cataract, 33% RE, 42% glaucoma, 2% AMD, 1% trachoma, 1% CO, 1% DR, 1% undetermined, GlobalcausesVisualImpairment,inclusiveblindness,percentage childhood, cataract, RE, glaucoma, AMD, CO,4% trachoma, DR, undetermined, Globalcausesblindnesspercentageglobalblindness WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland.Annex WHOAfricanRegion dateofsurvey popula samplesize group 2006 urban/rural2127andolder2006onal 2215andolder2004onal urban1787andolder2008 3163ander2005 2565020072992andolder2001onal2289andolder2005onal 9117andolder 3475andolder2007onal 3376andolder2007onal 2419andolder2008onal2438andolder2008 andolder2006onal 2424andolderRwanda2006onal 2006andolderRWA2007onal3294andolder 3202andolder2007onal 3463andolder2007onal 3160andolder WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. the dateofsurvey popula samplesize group Argen2004onal 4302andolder2004onal 2224andolder2006onal 2915andolder2005onal 2716ander2008 3873andolder2004onal 4806andolder2006onal 3764andolder2002 older2002onal 4782andolderVenezuela2005 3317andolder EasternMediterraneanRegion dateofsurvey studypopula samplesize group Republic2005onal 5456andolder2005 2339olderOMN2004 16507andolder2008 older EuropeanRegion dateofsurvey studypopula samplesize group 2008onal 3837andolder2001onal urban/rural6011andolder WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. SouthEastAsian dateofsurvey studypopula samplesize group 2005onal 4868andolderRepublic2005onal 1414andolder2007 40447andolder2003onal 7084andolder2006onal 13016years andolderIndonesia2004onal 2629andolderMyanmar2005onal 2076andolderMMRonal 2885andolderMMRMyanmar2003onal 2990andolderMMR2002onal 5002andolder2005onal 5138andolder Western dateofsurvey studypopula samplesize group 2007 5902andolder2007onal 45747andolder2003onal 3040andolder2005onal older2006onal 5951andolder WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. Western dateofsurvey studypopula samplesize group reference 2007 28073andolder2007 28800years WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. NikomazanaonalimpairmentBotswana.SubmiMScCommunityEyeLondonMedicine.London2006.KuperimpairmenturbanSouthOphthalmol2007;:14351439.JE,KuperDineencausesandMuyuka:ruralSouthCameroon.Ophthalmol2006;:538542.Rapidavoidable2008;report.FounMitchellNSW2136,surveyEthiopia.FederalEthiopia,CarterORBISInt.EthiopiaLfW,OpthalmolSocietyEthiopianAddisAbaba,Ethiopia2006.SurveypreparedBerhane,Worku,AbebeBejiga.DepartmentHealthandSocialWelfare,InternaCentreEyeHealth,HygieneTropicalMedicine,London,UK,InternaRapidJP,AnyomiFK,FiadoyorPrevalencepeopletheMedical2005;62.HaganWanyePrevalencethreeRegion2005.MathengeRapidavoidableNakuruOph2007;114:599605.RapidKenya.Ophthalmol2008;:19assessmentKericho,2007;reportOyéitérégion2008.personalcommunicaon.Murthy,Sivsubramaniamblindnesstheimpairmentsurvey.OphthalmolSci2009;2039.MM,MuhammedRapidcataractKebbiKebbiEpidemiology2008:359RWAMathengeLimburgal.RapidavoidableblindnessWesternRwanda:postcng.PLoSMedicine2007;:11871193.assessmentcataractservicesKyela, United Republic of2007;unpublishedHuguet.KabonaCourtrightavoidablecataractTanzania.Ophthalmic:9094.RapidZanzibar.SubmiMScCommunityHygieneMedicine.2007.cataract2007;reportHuguet. WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. AmericasNanoMugicaRapidimpairmentcataractcataracturbanArgenOphthalmic2006;:191cataractsurgicalservicesCampinas,03.partment.report.BarrosaMunozRefracstudyfromFlorida,Ophthalmol2000;129:445454.ceguerastarapidaceguera(RAAB)Region2007;report.RACSSHabana,Cuba,2005.Cubana2006;NacionaluestanacionalRepublicaDominicana2008.Domingo,RepublicaDominicana2009.BeltranenaGuatemala.2007;114:1558 avoidableLeon2006.Cataractblindnesssurvey.2003;:349357.cataratau.Health2005;:38793.Eschenacionalcatarataquirurgicos"RACSSRapidcataractsurgicalprimeranacional.Venez2005;:112 EasternMediterraneanRegionShahriari,ShahrokhIzadi,Rouhani,andcausesBaluchestanIran:ZahedanEyeStudy.Ophthalmol2007;:579584.OMNAA.causesiniOphthalmicEpidemiol2007;BourneRRA,behalfonalEyeSurveyStudyInvestOph06;7494755.Mansouriandcausescataractoldercommunitybased2010;:292300. EuropeanRegionRapidavoidable2009;communicaon.AmansakhatovAfanasyevaTurkmenistan:Ophthalmol2002;:12071210. WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. SouthEastAsianRegionWadudKuperassessmentcataractsurgicalSathkhiraBanglaOphthalmol2006;:12251229.NaduvilathPrevalencecausesblindnessOphthalmol11171121.RacheltheRAABStudyRapidAvoidableOne,2008,:e2867.RapidblindnessNorthhthalmology/BlindnessDirectorateServices,MinistryandWelfare,India,110011India.Surveychildhoodblindnessandvisual(GujaratBengal).Rapidpo(Bharuch,2006.Ophthalmology/Controlon,DirectorateServices,Welfare,India,Delhi,110011India.cataractIndonesia.2004;MMRHS,MueckeandcausesimpairmentMyanmar:EyeStudy.Ophthalmology2007;114:2302MMRMaungKhinAyeStudycataractUnioanmar.Health,DepartmentControl2001.MMRMaungKhinAyeStudycataractRakhineUnionMyanmar.MinistryDepartmentHealth,2001.SapkotacataractsurgeryGandakiZone,Ophthalmol2006;:411SherchanKandelSharmaMK,etBlindnessprevalencecataractsurgicaliniChetwanNepal.Ophthalmol2010;:161166. WesternRegionavoidableprogramCambodia.2007.report(contact:Seiha)CuiChinaNineSurvey.Ophthalmology2010;117:409causesimpairmentamongNantong,China.Eye,2008;:1069NJ,SheeladeviShamannaandelderlyPapuaExperimentOphthalmol:335341.KuperRapidavoidableblindnessNegrosIslandandDstrict,Ophthalmol2007,:15881592.VietonalNam.Rapidreport WorldOrganizaon,Avenue1211Geneva27,Switzerland. GLOBAL DATA ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS WHO/NMH/PBD/12.01 ilvio_3.indd 1 012-07-25 09:17:08