Chapter Twelve Individuals With - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter Twelve

Individuals With

Hearing Impairments

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3jmo14zZDo

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://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcGz7uwnPrs

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://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTOjcIR_MUQ

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=ln8NHzVfJkQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lc7S_MhqVls

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Definitions and Concepts in the Field of Hearing Impairment

Hearing impairment

Disordered hearing

Hearing sensitivity loss

Described in range from mild to profound

Deaf/deafnessNonfunctional hearing; federal definition refers to the educational impact due to the hearing lossHard of hearingResidual hearing abilityMinimal hearing lossDifficultly hearing at a distance or with background noise

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The Anatomy

of the Auditory System

The ear is divided into four connected sections:

Outer ear: The outer ear functions to protect the middle ear, direct sound into the ear canal, and enhance sound localization. In addition, the outer ear serves to enhance the intensity of sounds in the mid-frequency range where the sound spectrum of speech is located.

Middle ear: Sound waves travel to the inner ear and cause vibrations that are converted in energy.

Inner ear: This energy is transformed into electrical nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for decoding.Central auditory nervous system: transmits energy to the brain for interpretation. SEE PICTURE NEXT SLIDE

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Classifications of Hearing Loss

Conductive hearing loss

Sound transmission is blocked in the middle or outer ear

Sensorineural hearing loss

Involves the inner ear (cochlea) and/or the auditory nerve

Mixed hearing lossCombination of conductive/sensorineural lossCentral hearing lossDysfunction in the central nervous system

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Measurement of Hearing Impairments

Audiogram

Frequency

Hertz (Hz)

Decibels (dB)

Pure-tone audiometry

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Other Types of Hearing Assessment

Air-conduction audiometry

Bone-conduction audiometry

Play audiometry

Speech audiometry

Speech recognition threshold (SRT)Auditory evoked potentialsEvoked otoacoustic emissionsAcoustic inmittance

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Age of Onset

Prelingual: present at birth or before speech onset

Postlingual: deficit acquired after speech onset

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Brief History of the Field

1817: First school for students with hearing impairments (American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb)

1864: First college for the hearing impaired (today named Gallaudet University after Thomas Gallaudet)

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Communication Methods

Manual

communication- sign language/finger spelling

Oral communication- encouraged use of residual hearing and speech reading

Total communication- combination of spoken and manual communication

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Prevalence of Hearing Impairment

Almost 69,500 students ages 6-21 were identified as having a hearing impairment and receiving a special education during the 2011-2012 school year.

Approximately 9,300 preschoolers were receiving a special education due to a hearing impairment.

Number of Americans with a hearing loss has almost doubled in the past 10 years.

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Etiology of Hearing Impairments

Genetic/Hereditary factors

Down syndrome

Usher syndrome

Waardenburg syndrome

InfectionsCytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, otitis mediaDevelopmental abnormalitiesAtresiaEnvironmental/traumatic factorsLoud noise, low birth weight, prescription medication, head injuries

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Characteristics of Individuals

with Hearing Impairments

Intelligence: Intelligence is distributed similarly to individuals without hearing impairments. Intellectual development for people with a hearing impairment is more a function of language development than cognitive ability

Speech and language: Most severely affected area due to a hearing impairment particularly for children who are born deaf. Students who cannot hear the sounds of spoken language may have difficulty learning the meanings associated to the sounds and also may have difficulty using spoken language because they lack early experiences with the sounds of language.

Social development: Social-emotional development relies heavily on communication skills and children with a hearing loss hear less auditory information. Children with hearing impairments may play differently due to a limited ability to share abstract ideas and often prefer to work with pairs of children rather than large groups.

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Educational achievement: Educational achievement may be delayed although the student may have average, or above-average, intelligence. Reading skills are often delayed due to limited understanding of sound/word relationships. Educational environments often rely on spoken words to transmit information

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Assessment of Individuals

with Hearing Impairments

Cognitive assessment requires the use of non-verbal assessment measures

Speech assessment

Articulation, pitch, loudness, quality, rate

Personal/social/behavioral assessmentSocial adjustment, self-image, emotional adjustment

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Educational Approaches

Bilingual/bicultural: Considers American Sign Language (ASL) to be the natural language of the Deaf culture and urges recognition of ASL as the primary language choice with English considered a second language

Total communication: Supports the belief that simultaneous use of multiple communication techniques enhances an individual’s ability to communicate, comprehend, and learn

Auditory-Oral: Supports the belief that children with hearing impairments can develop listening/receptive language and oral language expression (English) skills; emphasizes use of residual hearing (the level of hearing an individual possesses), amplification (hearing aids, auditory training, etc.), and speech/language training

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Instructional Interventions

Methods of communicatio

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Sign language

Oral

Cued speechTotal communicationFingerspellingAudiologistInterpreter

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Services for Young Children

with Hearing Impairments

Importance of early identification

Early intervention services

Family support

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Transition and Individuals

with Hearing Impairments

Transition planning includes:

Family support

Higher education

EmploymentPersonal, social, community adjustment

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Services for Adults with Hearing Impairments

State commission or office on deafness

Advocacy, information sharing, agency referrals, interpreting services, employment assistance

State vocational rehabilitation services

Employment services

National Association for the DeafPolitical advocacy, information sharingAlexander Graham Bell AssociationClearinghouse for materials and information

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Family Issues

Most children with hearing impairments have hearing parents

Acceptance of the disability

Family relationships

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Issues of Diversity

People who identify with the Deaf culture are proud of their heritage including their language, history, values, and literature

The term

Deaf

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D) refers to individuals who identify with the Deaf cultureThe term deaf (lowercase d) refers to the physical conditionDeaf culture considers American Sign Language (ASL) to be the natural language of the Deaf culture and urges recognition of ASL as the primary language choice with English considered a second language

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Issues of Diversity

49% of all students in programs for the deaf and hearing impaired are from culturally diverse groups

Research is needed to address the needs of students with hearing impairments who come from non-English speaking families

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Technology and Individuals with Hearing Impairments

Hearing aids

Auditory training devices

Computers

Alerting devices

CaptioningTelecommunication devicesCochlear implants

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Trends, Issues, and Controversies

Appropriate educational methods

Move from child-centered to family-centered approach

Total communication

Deaf culture

Full inclusion

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