Femininity in 10 minutes Geert Hofstede August 2014 Origin of the terms masculinity and femininity The adjectives masculine and feminine are ID: 536553
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Slide1
Masculinity/Femininity in 10 minutes
Geert Hofstede
August 2014Slide2
Origin of the terms “masculinity
” and “
femininity”
The
adjectives
“
masculine
” and “
feminine
” are
latinized
versions
of “male” and “
female
”,
used
for
“man-
like
” and “
woman-like
”
Since
the 1930s,
anthropologists
have
studied
the
variety
of
role
divisions
between
the genders in different
societies
Hofstede
borrowed
“
masculinity
versus
femininity
”
from
social
anthropology
Masculinity
versus
Femininity
is the
only
of his
dimensions
of
societal differences for which scores depend on gender Slide3
Masculinity/Femininity as a societal
culture
dimension
Masculinity: A society in which emotional gender roles are distinct: men should be assertive, tough and focused on material success, women on the quality of life
Femininity: A society in which emotional gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and focused on the quality of lifeSlide4
Feminine societiesBalance family and work
Father and mother should both deal with facts and feelings
Jealousy of high-flyers (
janteloven
)
Sympathy for the weak
Boys and girls may cry but neither should fight Religion focuses on fellow human beingsSex is a way of relating
Masculine societies
Work prevails over family
Father should deal with facts, mother with feelings
Admiration for the strong
Disdain of the weak
Girls cry, boys don’t; boys fight, girls shouldn’t
Religion focuses on powerful God or gods
Sex is a way of performingSlide5
Measuring the position of a society on the
Mas
/Fem
dimension
A
society’s position between masculinity and femininity can only be
measured
relative
to
other
societies
This
position
is
expressed
in a
Masculinity
Index score (MAS)
MAS
values
have been
plotted
on a
scale
from
0
to
100; scores close
to
0 stand
for
the most
feminine
, scores close
to
100
for
the most
masculine
societySlide6
Some Masculinity (MAS) scores, out of 76
High
95 Japan
70 Italy
69 Mexico
66 China66 Britain66 Germany62 USA Low53 Arab
ctrs
43 France
36 Russia
34 Thailand
21 Costa Rica
16 Denmark
14 NetherlandsSlide7
Some examples of what
these MAS scores
correlate
with
Feminine societies
Fewer functional illiterates
Fewer people living in povertyMore aid to poorer countriesPoverty blamed on bad luckBoth genders shop for food
More leisure, longer vacations
Social media used for rapport building
Masculine societies
More functional illiterates
More people living in poverty
Less aid to poorer countries
Poverty blamed on laziness
Women are food shoppers
Salary preferred over leisure
Social media used for fact gatheringSlide8
Do MAS scores change over time ?Mas/
Fem
values are transferred to
the
children
in the family,
with father and mother as role modelsLike for the other dimensions, country differences expressed in MAS scores tend
to
be
rooted
in
history
The data base
used
for
comparing
two
generations
30
years
apart
did
not
include
questions
for
the
Mas
/
Fem
dimension
Their
questionnaire “made in USA”
did
not
contain
values
related
to
the
feminine
pole
of the
dimension
In the USA, the word “
femininity
” is a
taboo
– a strong
value
Mas
/
Fem
is
likely
to
be
as
stable
as the
other
dimensions