Dept of Geology Colby College Basic Information Location On the border of NE China and North Korea Climate Average temperature of 10 F to 50 F Part of the Changbai Mountain National Reserve ID: 646290
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Mt. Changbaishan
By Signy Coakley and Ethan Zhang
Dept. of Geology, Colby CollegeSlide2
Basic Information
Location
On the border of NE China and North Korea
Climate: Average temperature of -10°F to 50 °FPart of the Changbai Mountain National Reserve Tectonic Plate On Eurasian plateActivity produced by deep subduction of Pacific Plate 600 km belowPossible mantle plumeSlide3
Formation
Formed approximately 1 million years ago
viscous trachyte magma
Each of which released materials main peak was formed after 4 major eruptions. Each eruption released released materials that covered the major peak for as thick as 200 metersLast millenium eruption caused the creation of the caldera Slide4
Volcano Description
Stratovolcano
Dimensions
Altitude of approximately 2700 metersElevation: 9000 ft. 60 km diameter FeaturesHas four major pyroclastic cones
Caldera: 5-km-wide, 850-m-deep summit caldera occupied by Lake Tianchi ("Sky Lake")
16 surrounding peaks from the summit
Multiple spires caused by escaping gasSlide5
Rocks and Deposits
Major
Trachyte / Trachyandesite
RhyoliteBasalt / Picro-BasaltMinor Trachyandesite / Basaltic trachy-andesite Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite
Minerals
Alakali and feldspar Slide6
Magma type
Highly viscous and gassy
Can tell from past deposits that show high levels of CO2
trachytic and rhyoliticIndicator of violent eruptions Slide7
Eruptions Slide8
Eruptions
Millenium Eruption
Dated around 940 AD
One of the largest volcano eruptions in historyLabeled a VEI 7Created caldera Rock Deposits tephra found across South East Asia, including northern tip of JapanTotal volume of 96-19 cubic km of ash 25 km altitude for eruption column
All past eruptions have been pyroclastic flowsSlide9
Predicting the Next Eruption
Eruptions occur around every 100 years
latest eruption was in 1903
Currently due for an eruptionTeam from Cambridge given access to North Korean side of the volcano Leading the current investigation China and South Korea continue to research as well
Slide10
Predicting the Next Eruption
Seismology
A dozen seismometers
Change in seismic activity starting in 2002 increased rate of 72 earthquakes a monthMainly beneath the volcanic craterGas Emissions Hot springs show rise in CO2, hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen Indicates outgassing from magma Slide11
Predicting the Next Eruption
Thermal Maps
magnetotelluric soundings used to create thermal image of magma chamber
North Korean data suggests magma is rising Rock Deposits deposit samples of pumice Slide12
Results
99% chance of an eruption in 2032
Lower chances of it happening this year
Expected to be a big eruption High levels of gasViscous magma Studying previous rock deposits Slide13
Hazards
Large populations around volcano
Lahars
2 billion tons of water in Sky Lake Large scale pyroclastic flow Slide14
Fun Facts!
Logging Industry in China
Mining Industry
coal, iron, copper, nickel, etc. TourismTianchi (Headstream of Tumen River and Songhua River)Hot SpringsOver a thousand hundred hot springs spreaded across Mt.Changbaishan
Temperature as high as 180 degrees
China attempted to make it location of the Winter Olympics Slide15
Wildlife at the Volcano!
Flora
Primarily birch and pine trees
FaunaArray of exotic animals around the arealeopards, bears, wolves, boars, etc. Important Bird Area Holds the endangered scaly-sided mergansers Slide16
Sources
Smithsonian Institution, 2011: Changbaishan,
at
http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=305060(accessed 23 January, 2015)Schimincke, U.,1999: Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan Volcano, at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs004450050004(accessed 23 January, 2015)Daily Mail, 2014: Chartering Un-explored territory: Foreign scientists given access to huge North Korean volcano that was the site of one of the biggest eruptions in history,
at
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2741616/UK-team-unlocking-secrets-North-Korea-volcano.html
(accessed 24 January,2015)
University of Cambridge, 2014:Volcanological and geophysical research on Paektu volcano, Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
at
http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/paektu/
(accessed 24 January,2015)
Klemetti, E., 2012: When Will Baekdu Caldera Erupt (or How to Misuse Volcanologic Data)
at
http://www.wired.com/2012/05/when-will-baekdu-caldera-erupt-or-how-to-misuse-volcanologic-data/
(accessed 24 January, 2015)Slide17
Duke University, 2011:Vigil at North Korea’s Mount Doom,
at
http://people.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf1109.pdf (accessed 24 January,2015)Natural Environment Research Council, 2014: Journey to North Korea's volcano: British scientists visit Mount Paektu, at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/23/north-korea-volcano-mount-paektu (accessed 24 January, 2015)
Planet Earth Online, 2013: Science without borders,
at
http://planetearth.nerc.ac.uk/features/story.aspx?id=1527&cookieConsent=A
(accessed 24 January,2015)
The Economist, 2013: Geo-politics on the Korean peninsula, Another rumbler,
at
http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/10/geo-politics-korean-peninsula
(accessed 24 January, 2015)
Sources