The Industrial Period - PowerPoint Presentation

The Industrial Period

An overview T_________ was revolutionised by the invention of the s_____ e_____ and t_____. These brought in f____ from the countryside and allowed people to escape to the c________ but they were also very d_____ because they used c_____ for energy. I__________ made cities very p________ with c_____ s______, o________ and associated problems of w_____ and w______ sources. F______ were unpleasant places to work because workers had few r_____ and often t______ working conditions e.g. c______ m____ were very d_____ and caused terrible lung complaints. G____ remained a problem and also other forms of alcohol. S_______ began to challenge r_______ beliefs e.g. Darwin’s Theory of E______ and Pasteur’s G_____ T_______ (18____) Growing sense of d_______ culminating in the 18____ Reform Act. But what about w_______?!

An overview T echnology was revolutionised by the invention of the s team e ngine and t rains. These brought in f ood from the country and allowed people to escape to the c ountryside but they were also very d irty because they used c oal for energy. Industrialisation made cities very p olluted with c oal smoke , overpopulation and associated problems of w aste and w ater sources. F actories were unpleasant places to work because workers had few rights and often t errible working conditions e.g. cotton mills were very d irty and caused terrible lung complaints G in remained a problem and also other forms of alcohol. S cience began to challenge r eligious beliefs e.g. Darwin’s Theory of E volution and Pasteur’s Germ Theory ( 1 8 61 ) Growing sense of d emocracy culminating in the 18 67 Reform Act. But what about w omen ?!

Living conditions The p_______ grew very quickly and houses couldn’t keep up with demand. L_______ built c____ houses that were poor quality e.g. c______ d______ and b____ 2 b_____ houses in order to make a p_____ out of the poorest families. There were no l____ to ensure decent housing. People did not yet know that dirt caused d______. The poorest couldn’t grow f____ in the s____ districts because there were no g______. Poor people had terrible d___ which meant many were m_______ and prone to d______. Most existed on b_____ and p______, few v_______. Food a________ was also a problem e.g. adding c_____ to b_____ to make it look yellow. W______ c_________ supplied water to p______ in the streets and courts. In the poorest areas whole streets might share one p____. Landlords would often refuse to pay for pipes to be on for more than 2-3 h_____ a day. Some people had no access to or couldn’t afford water from these companies. They had to collect (smoke fouled) r_____ water or take it from local s_____ or s____. WATER SOURCES WERE D______ !

Living conditions The p opulation grew very quickly and houses couldn’t keep up with demand. L andlords built cheap houses that were poor quality e.g. cellar dwellings and b ack 2 b ack houses in order to make a profit out of the poorest families. There were no l aw to ensure decent housing. People did not yet know that dirt caused disease. The poorest couldn’t grow f ood in the slum districts because there were no g ardens . Poor people had terrible d iets which meant many were malnourished and prone to disease . Most existed on bread and potatoes, few v egetables . Food adulteration was also a problem e.g. adding c opper to b utter to make it look yellow. Water companies supplied water to p ump s in the streets and courts. In the poorest areas whole streets might share one p ump . Landlords would often refuse to pay for pipes to be on for more than 2-3 h o urs a day. Some people had no access to or couldn’t afford water from these companies. They had to collect (smoke fouled) rain water or take it from local springs or s treams . WATER SOURCES WERE D irty !

W_____ was a constant problem because there were no s______ built to deal with excrement (only rain water). Most people shared a p_____. In some places 10 families might share 1 privy! L______ could be unwilling to empty c___ p____ because n_____ s_____ m___ needed paying. They often overflowed. This waste was then taken to be spread on f_____ as f______; as had always happened! The f______ toilet lead to problems because the waste from these wealthy people was piped straight into the w_____ source which was then sold back to them as d______ w______. Yum!!

Waste was a constant problem because there were no sewers built to deal with excrement (only rain water). Most people shared a privy. In some places 10 families might share 1 privy! Landlords could be unwilling to empty cess pits because night soil men needed paying. They often overflowed. This waste was then taken to be spread on fields as fertilisers as had always happened! The flushing toilet lead to problems because the waste from these wealthy people was piped straight into the water source which was then sold back to them as drinking water. Yum!!

Diseases C________ T_______ T________ T_____________ In 1841 the average l___ e_________ in M_________ was 26.6 years; In Ancoats in (the p_______ part of Manchester ), the average l___ e_________ was just __ years old, with thousands of i ______ and b______ dying from d_____. Especially c______.

Diseases C holera T yphoid T yphus T uberculosis In 1841 the average l ife e xpectancy in Manchester was 26.6 years; In Ancoats in (the p oorest part of Manchester ), the average l ife expectancy was just 14 years old, with thousands of infants and babies dying from d isease . Especially cholera .

First cholera outbreak = ______ And the other 3 outbreaks: Symptoms were v______, stomach c_____, diarrhoea (watery), deh _____ , weakened p_____, b____ skin and finally d_____. L____ was hit badly in 1832. The poorest area of B____ B___ fold was hit first. This slum was built right next to the s______ r_____ Aire . Dr B_____ researched the disease. Believed causes : G____ M_____ Touch from the s____. Responses = National day of f______ 1832. V______ boards of health set up in some towns. Some boards of health tried to get rid of b____ a____ by burning b____ of t__. C_____ hospitals set up in some towns. Q________ was used and poor people turned away, in some cases.

First cholera outbreak = 1831 And the other 3 outbreaks : 1848, 1854, 1866 Symptoms were v omiting , stomach c ramps , diarrhoea (watery), deh ydration , weakened pulse b lue skin and finally d eath . L eeds was hit badly in 1832. The poorest area of Bluebell Fold was hit first. This slum was built right next to the s tinking river Aire . Dr Baker researched the disease. Believed causes : G od M iasma Touch from the s ick . Responses = National day of f astin g1832 . V oluntary boards of health set up in some towns. Some boards of health tried to get rid of bad air by burning barrels of tar. Cholera hospitals set up in some towns. Quarantine was used and poor people turned away, in some cases.

Reasons why there was little progress int eh first half of the ___ th century: L_______ F______. G____ I__________ I__________. Progress E_____ C_______’s resport on the S_______ C________ of the labouring Population (1842) suggested that p______ was caused by ill health and ill health was caused by f_____ living c_______. He suggested that a n______ public health au________ should be set up and that it should f_____ local boards of health to provide c______ w_____ and a s____ system. 18___ first P______H______ A____. Problems was it was v______ but it did attack L______ F_____. 18____ John S_____ discovered the cause of c_____. 18__ The Great S_____

Reasons why there was little progress int eh first half of the ___ th century: Laissez Faire. G reed Ignorance Indifference Progress Edwin Chadwick’s report on the Sanitary Conditions of the labouring Population (1842) suggested that poverty was caused by ill health and ill health was caused by filthy living conditions. He suggested that a national public health authority should be set up and that it should force local boards of health to provide clean water and a sewage system . 1 848 first Public Health Act. Problem was it was voluntary but it did attack Laissez Faire. 1854 John S now discovered the cause of cholera. 18 58 The Great stink

1860 the Pure F____ A___. 18___ P______’s G_____ T_____! 18___ Working m____ get the v____. 18____ _ nd P______ H_____ A___. This f______ local authorities to appoint a m_______ o______ who had to take responsibility for providing c_____ water, s______ and clean streets. All new houses had to have piped w_____, t_______, drains and sewers. 1865-B________ finished building London’s s_____ system! Ancoats was cleared of all s_____ and the new V______ square was built-a real moment of p____ for the city! BUT! Still not everyone lived in a decent h______ or ate good f_____ or breathed clean a____.

1860 the Pure Food Act. 1861 Pasteur’s G erm T heory ! 1867 Working m en get the v ote . 18 75 2 nd Public Health Act . This forced local authorities to appoint a m edical officer who had to take responsibility for providing clean water , s ewers and clean streets. All new houses had to have piped water, t oilets drains and sewers. 1865- Bazalgette finished building London’s sewer system ! Ancoats was cleared of all slums and the new Victoria square was built-a real moment of pride for the city! BUT! Still not everyone lived in a decent h ouse or ate good food or breathed clean air.

The Twentieth Century

Problems-Solutions-Problems again. Housing Problems remained. H_______ was one. B_____ 2b_____ still meant many lived in poor quality homes; in dark dingy alleys (which led to cases of r_______. Vit . D def ____) 1909-Parliament b______ new b______2b_____ from being built. 1919-Homes F___ for H______!! Housing A____. Councils were ordered to become l______ for the p____. Taxpayers money went towards new b______ programmes. New stricter s_______ of space and quality. (But still many lived in poor quality homes because landlords resisted making imp______). So…. 1930- another Housing Act was passed allowing Councils to force landlords to sell their s_____ to the council who could then c_____ them and replace them with new houses. 1960s/70s-government offers councils money to build h________ flats. Problems? 1980-T______ offers tenants the right to b___. Problems?

Problems-Solutions-Problems again. Housing Problems remained. H ousing was one. B ack2backs still meant many lived in poor quality homes; in dark dingy alleys (which led to cases of rickets Vit . D d eficiency ) 1909-Parliament b anned new back 2 backs from being built. 1919-Homes Fit for Heroes !! Housing A ct . Councils were ordered to become landlords for the poorest. Taxpayers money went towards new building programmes . New stricter s pecifications of space and quality. (But still many lived in poor quality homes because landlords resisted making improvements ). So…. 1930- another Housing Act was passed allowing Councils to force landlords to sell their slums to the council who could then clear them and replace them with new houses. 1960s/70s-government offers councils money to build highrise flats. Problems? 1980- Thatcher offers tenants the right to b uy . Problems ? Now not enough council houses

Food Improvements in food since the P_____ F____ A___ of 1860 and the R_____ A____ of 1867. T echnology improved that could spot ad______ food e.g. chalk in m_____. Much more i ______ food from abroad until the 2 nd w____ w___ broke out in 19___. When everyone was encouraged to g____ their o___! R_______ meant food was f_____ distributed and of a good quality. R_______ continued until 1954. New fears e.g. BSE or m____ c____ disease. (1980s)

Food Improvements in food since the Pure Food Act of 1860 and the Reform A ct of 1867. T echnology improved that could spot adulterated food e.g. chalk in milk. Much more imported food from abroad until the 2 nd world war broke out in 19 39 . When everyone was encouraged to grow their own ! Rationing meant food was fairly distributed and of a good quality. Rationing continued until 1954. New fears e.g. BSE or mad cow disease. (1980s)

Air 1952-Worst recorded case of s_____ in London due to the amount of c_____ being burnt in cities. 1956- Cl____ A___ Act! This ordered the use of ‘smokeless’ fuel in certain areas. C____ smoke stopped being a problem but c___ fumes became an increasing problem. 2001-the government asked d_____ to switch to diesel, believing it was cleaner. It turns out to cause c____ so no the government is trying to encourage people to stop using d____ powered cars!

Air 1952-Worst recorded case of smog in London due to the amount of coal being burnt in cities. 1956- Clean Air Act ! This ordered the use of ‘smokeless’ fuel in certain areas. Coal smoke stopped being a problem but car fumes became an increasing problem. 2001-the government asked drivers to switch to diesel, believing it was cleaner. It turns out to cause cancer so now the government is trying to encourage people to stop using diesel powered cars!

Inactivity and diseases Increased inactivity due to: M_____ doing the work! C____ Office j____ ____ ____ New diseases S________ f____ (19__) A_____ (1970s-n___)!

Inactivity and diseases Increased inactivity due to: M achines doing the work! Cars Office j obs School! computers New diseases Spanish flu (19 18 ) AIDS ( 1970s-n ow )!

A decade in dates…. 1908=O ___ A___ Pensions for the over 70s. 1906= F_____ S_____ M______....but for how much longer ?! 1909=P______ b_____ b2b____. 1911=National I________ scheme to provide s_______ and u______ benefit for workers. 1919=H______ A___. Slum clearance and council house building takes off! 1940=Major i ________ programme e.g. T__. 1948=N_______ H________ S________ is born. “From the c______ to the g_____”. …..But for how much longer?! 1956=C_______ A____ A___. Phew! S_______ regulations from 1964-2016 (and beyond)?

A decade in dates…. 1908= Old Age Pensions for the over 70s. 1906= Free School Meals .... but for how much longer ?! 1909=Parliament b anned b2b acks . 1911=National I nsurance scheme to provide sickness and unemployment benefit for workers. 1919=Housing Act . Slum clearance and council house building takes off! 1940=Major immunisation programme e.g. T B . 1948=National Health Service is born. “From the cradle to the grave. …..But for how much longer?! 1956=Clean Air Act. Phew! Smoking regulations from 1964-2016 (and beyond)?