1 Jaw Position for Singing An open and shut case 6252011 The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop 2011 2 Purpose To explore how specific manipulations of the vocal tract can help us achieve our artistic goals ID: 757573
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Jaw Position for Singing:
An open and shut case!Slide2
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Purpose:
To explore how specific manipulations of the vocal tract can help us achieve our artistic goals:
Elongating and narrowing the
epilaryngeal
tube
Controlling the opening of the mouthSlide3
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But first:
Vocal Tract Acoustics ‘101’Slide4
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Source-Filter TheorySlide6
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What is Resonance?
Resonance is a reinforcement of a natural behavior or phenomenon
Acoustic resonance is an intensification of sound by sympathetic vibration of two or more things
Vocal tract resonance is a selective reinforcement of a few source (larynx) frequencies by the vocal tract Slide7
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Glottal Flow Spectrum
Sound Pressure SpectrumSlide8
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So, what’s so special about singers?
We have to sing LOUDER than normal
We have to sing HIGHER than normal
We have to sing BEAUTIFULLY at the same timeSlide9
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Solution…well it can help:
Inertive reactance!Slide10
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Thanks to:
Ingo Titze
www.NCVS.org
Please visit their website!Slide11
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To get the maximum boost from the vocal tract we can either:
Resonate one or two harmonics of the source selectively (as in harmonic singing, counter-tenor singing,
soprano high voice,
or whistle voice
)Slide12
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‘Formant Tuning’ in the sopranoSlide13
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‘Formant Tuning’ in the sopranoSlide14
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To get the maximum boost from the vocal tract we can either:
Cluster F3, F4 and F5 for the Singer’s Formant Slide15
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Singer’s FormantSlide16
16Slide17
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To get the maximum boost from the vocal tract we can either:
OR
Resonate
the entire vocal fold vibration process with a vocal tract that stores and returns energy to the glottis Slide18
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Linear Source-Filter Acoustics
Nonlinear Source-Filter AcousticsSlide19
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Inertance
:
- sluggishness of the response of an air column provides feedback energy to the vocal foldsSlide20
Inertance
is high in long, narrow tubes:
How and where can we create long, narrow tubes?
How does this help us as singers?
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Vocal Folds
Trachea
Piriform Sinus
Valleculae
Leakage into Nasal Tract
Lips
Epi-Larynx Tube
Pharynx
Mouth
Vowel /
a
/
as in “hot” -
maleSlide22
Laryngeal Tube
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Increased
inertive
reactance:
Skews the flow pulse,
Which increases the maximum flow declination rate (MFDR),
Which increases the vocal intensity. HOW?
More energy in the higher partials.
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Inertive Reactance =
(inertance) x (frequency)
Inertive reactance measures the amount of acoustic energy stored in the vocal tract, and
It also determines the amount of energy fed back to the glottis to help the vocal folds vibrate Slide27
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We lengthen and narrow the tube by:
Lowering the larynx
‘Squeezing’ the laryngeal
aditus
or the ‘collar of the larynx’Slide28
Also:
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Inertive
reactance is high for frequencies just below a vocal tract resonance (formant)Slide29
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F1
F2
F1
F1
F2
F2Slide30
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Important:
Length and width of the
epilaryngeal
tube influences the level of reactance
Opening of the mouth tunes F1
Relationship between harmonics and the first formant determines the quality of the voice.Slide31
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Important harmonics are above F1
Important harmonics are below F1Slide32
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1. Singing
below the first resonance F1
(chest register and female belt)Slide33
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Males and female belters
F1
F2Slide35
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Classical females and
countertenors
F1
F2Slide36
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Conclusion 1
With a wide-open mouth (megaphone shape), a male sound or a female belt sound can be produced as long as F1 is above the second harmonic
With a wide-open mouth (megaphone shape), a male counter-tenor sound or a female classical lyric or coloratura sound can be produced as long as F1 is above the fundamental
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Important harmonics are above F1
Important harmonics are below F1Slide38
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2. Singing
above the first resonance F1
(mixed register)Slide39
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Male and female mixed register
F1
F2Slide40
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Conclusion 2
With a small mouth opening (inverted megaphone shape), a mixed-register male or female sound can be produced as long as F2 is higher than the second harmonic
With a small mouth opening (inverted megaphone shape), a male counter-tenor sound or a female classical lyric or coloratura sound can be produced as long as F2 is higher than the fundamental
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Overall Conclusion
In singing, the source (larynx) can be highly interactive with the vocal tract
Interaction is heightened if some part of the vocal tract is narrow, such as the
epilarynx
tube; this creates not only vocal ring, but higher overall intensity
A semi-occluded vocal tract (at the mouth) is very friendly to a mixed register and hence is very useful for training classical singing Slide42
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Sombre timbre
Result of inertive reactanceSlide43
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Voce Chiusa
‘Comfortably low’ larynx elongates vocal tract - increases inertive reactance
‘Squeezing the collar of the larynx’ narrows the tube - increases inertive reactance
Paying attention to mouth opening appropriately tunes F1 to achieve the aesthetic expectationSlide44
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Singing with the megaphone shape helps produce high pitches in
chest register (or belt voice) for Fo < 530 Hz (C5)Slide45
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Singing with the megaphone shape also helps produce high pitches in classical female and counter-tenor style for
F0 > 530 HzSlide47
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Aesthetics Summary:
Wide open mouth opening
Popular styles: belt (male and female), pop styles, etc.
Classical styles: Soprano in her high voice – formant tracking, counter-tenor
Narrow mouth opening
Popular styles: Country & Western, flageolet
Classical styles: mixed registers – female middle, male high voice Slide48
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Pavarotti & The Italian TenorDecca Record Co. Limited, London.
‘O Colombina’
Pagliacci (Leoncavallo)Slide49
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Leontyne PriceThe Complete Bell Telephone Hour Performances. Video Artists International
D’amor sull’ali rosee
Il Trovatore (Verdi)Slide51
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Lauritz MelchiorBel Canto: The Tenors of the 78 Era
Kultur
“Morgenlich leuchtend”
Die Meistersinger (Wagner) Slide53
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Giuseppe di Stefano
“Tu che a Dio spiegasti l’ali”
Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)Slide55
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OMG!
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