Learning objectives understand what is meant by interceptive actions understand how information processing theory explains interceptive actions understand how action systems theory explains interceptive ID: 588955
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Slide1
ANTICIPATIONSlide2
Learning objectives
understand
what is meant by interceptive actions
understand
how
information processing theory
explains interceptive
actions
understand how
action systems theory
explains interceptive
actions
understand
the nature and role of perceptual anticipation in skilled performance
understand
how
information processing theory
explains perceptual
information
understand how
action systems theory
explains perceptual anticipation
understand the difficulties of carrying out research into anticipation
understand
the main research findings into anticipation
have
a basic knowledge of the key developmental issuesSlide3
Interceptive actions
Hitting a tennis ball, kicking a soccer ball or catching a netball are all examples of interceptive
actions
Punching
someone in boxing is an interceptive action
Avoiding
interception
is
a form of interceptive
action
e.g. avoiding
a punch in boxing Slide4
Information processing theory and interceptive actions
Poulton
(1957) called the making of interceptive actions
coincidence
anticipation
Coincidence anticipation =
effector anticipation
plus
receptor anticipation
Effector anticipation
refers to
how
long
the individual thinks it
will take
them
to move their limbs in order to make the
interception
Receptor
anticipation
is
how
long
the person thinks that it
will take
for an
external event to
happen
It is a working memory task
Depends greatly on
LTM
store of similar situations
Pattern recognition plays a major roleSlide5
Action systems theory and interceptive actions
Light waves from the person’s eyes to the object to be intercepted and back again provide information about the line and speed of
flight
We subconsciously ‘calculate’
tau
(
)
or
time
to contact
The
rate at which the size of the image of the object on the retina increases
provides all the necessary information to calculate
Lee (1976) showed that
the inverse of the relative rate of expansion of the retinal image
gives an accurate measure of
When contact is imminent, the object provides an affordance to make or avoid
contact
Perception-action coupling allows the interception to be made or avoidedSlide6
Criticisms of the
hypothesis
The
hypothesis is
based on the assumption that the speed of the approaching object is
constant
In real life, it is not
It normally slows due to various resistances in the atmosphere
Lee
claimed
that the individual automatically takes this into account and, in such situations, determines what he calls
tau dot
(
̇
)
̇ is
the
rate of change in
itself
the person does not calculate
once
but
does so ‘on-line
’, i.e. calculates the continuous rate of change in
Slide7
Catching ‘
skyers
’ and ‘fly balls’
Michaels and
Oudejans
(1992) claimed that fielders
aim to maintain a ‘
constant bearing angle’
between their head and the
ball
This eases
the calculation of
̇
As we
do not catch with our eyes,
a
late second interceptive movement is necessary in order to get
the
hands
or glove into position to make the catch
Lenoir
et al
. (1999) claimed that fielders attempt to maintain a constant bearing angle between the hands
(or catching mitt) and
the
ball
Thus
only one calculation is
needed
When the ball
is to be intercepted by say a racquet, as in tennis, or a
foot, as in soccer, the bearing angle is kept between the racquet (or foot) and ball
López-Moliner
et al
. (2007
) claimed that
and
̇
are supplemented by knowledge of the object to be interceptedSlide8
Perceptual anticipation
Perceptual anticipation is the
ability of the performer to predict upcoming events based on partial
information
It is vital in
situations that require a decision to be made in faster than one reaction
time
It also
plays a major role in the way we make decisions when not under time
pressure
Allows us to plan aheadSlide9
Information processing theory and perceptual anticipation
A working memory task
Relies on large
LTM
store
Pattern recognition is very importantSlide10
Ecological psychology and perceptual anticipation
All necessary information is in the environment
Biomechanical information allows pattern recognition
Affordances are present
These are obvious as long as we know the aims of the game
We do become
attuned
to these affordances through practiceSlide11
Research paradigms in perceptual anticipation
Temporal occlusion
Comparison of experts and novices watching videos and having to decide what was going to happen when the video is stopped before or just after a key point (e.g. racquet-ball contact when watching a serve in tennis)
Spatial occlusion
Comparison of experts and novices watching videos and having to decide what was going to happen when
body
parts or
equipment (e.g. the
racquet
in badminton) are occluded
Participants have to mark on a map where they think the ball would have landed
Some paradigms have the participant make a simulated movementSlide12
Visual search research paradigms in perceptual anticipation
Tracking eye movements of experts and novices while they watch a video and have to make an anticipatory decision at a chosen point
Eye-mark (or eye-tracking) recorders are worn
Can be used in real life situations
Scan paths, fixation locations and durations can be measured
Dependent variables can be verbal or motor (make some kind of movement)Slide13
Research results
Very
early cues can be used to aid anticipation
Often
pre-ball
release/contact
by an
opponent
Decisions are not always ‘all
or
nothing’
but
the person continues
to monitor the situation and make changes ‘on-line
’
Experts better than novices
, and to lesser extent
intermediate
level performers,
when
using the early
cues
Expert-novice
differences in number of fixations on key parts of the display, scan paths and lengths of time focusing on key
points
Experts better in real life situations than in video simulationsSlide14
Development and anticipation: interceptive actions
By
eight months infants catch objects moving along the ground at 125
cm/s
Changes in infancy are
due to developments in the sensory and motor
cortices
, and physical
development
Later changes are greatly affected by experience
By 3
years
children can
make a catch using arms and
body
By
5
years children can catch a small ball using hands
only
By 6
years they are capable of producing a mature catching
action
By
6-7
years the child can hit a stationary ball with a mature
pattern
Age at being able to hit a moving ball depends on experience and varies greatlySlide15
Development and anticipation: perceptual anticipation
Information Processing theorists and ecological psychologists agree that ability is dependent on cognitive development and experience
According to Information Processing theorists, everything is dependent on
Working memory
LTM
store
According to
ecological
psychologists everything is dependent on
Attunement
to affordances