Kim Poslick , MHR, LPC, LADC - PowerPoint Presentation

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Kim Poslick, MHR, LPC, LADCCoordinator, Alcohol & Substance abuse centerOklahoma State UniversityKIM.POSLICK@OKSTATE.EDU(405) 744-2818

Current Trends in Alcohol & Substance Abuse on the College CampusSlide2

REALITY22.9% of full time collegestudents already meet theDSM-IV diagnostic criteria foralcohol and / or drug abuse Slide3

Wasting the Best and Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities (2007) In 2005, almost one in four college students met the medical criteria for substance abuse or dependence- triple that of the general populationFrom 1993 to 2005, there has been

no significant decline

in the proportion of students who drink

Binge drinking

frequently

is up 16%Slide4

National Survey on Drug Use & Health (2011) Among full time college students:60.8 % were current drinkers39.1% were binge drinkers13.6% were heavy drinkers

22% were current users of illicit drugsSlide5

Alcohol abuse - an overviewThe average number of alcohol-related arrests per campus increased 21% between 2001 and 2005In 2001, 97,000 students were victims of

alcohol-related sexual assaults or date rape

The

culture of abuse

is taking its toll in student accidents, assaults, property damage, academic problems, illnesses, injuries, mental health problems, risky sex, rape and deathsSlide6

Signs of Alcohol PoisoningUnconscious or Semi-consciousnessDifficult to awaken Mental confusion or stuporInability to stand or walk, or can do so only with difficulty

Slow Breathing

Eight breaths or less per minute

Irregular Breathing

Eight seconds or more between breaths

Irregular heartbeat

Cold, clammy, pale or bluish skin

Repeated, uncontrolled vomiting

Loss of control of bodily functions (i.e. urinate or defecate on self)

Fever or chills

Difficulty speaking

Paranoid, confused, or disoriented

Seizures

Absent reflexes Snoring or gasping for air

4.7 standard drinks in a single can

Four

Loko

:Slide7

Fraternity and Sorority MembershipAlcohol use Greek (88.5%) non-Greek (67.1%)Binge drink Greek (63.8%) non-Greek (37.4%)Drink and drive Greek (33.2%) non-Greek (21.4%)Current marijuana use Greek (21.1%), non-Greek (16.4%) Cocaine use Greek (3.1%) non-Greek (1.5%)Tobacco use Greek (25.8) non-Greek (20.7%)Slide8

Marijuana UseSource: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and other Drug Abuse and Violence Prevention (2008) US Department of Education“Marijuana use among students at institutions of higher education”Slide9

MarijuanaMarijuana is the most frequently used illicit drug in the U.S., with approximately 14.8 million Americans over the age of 12 reporting past-month use in 2006.”In 2000, annual prevalence hovering between 30% and 35% among college students.Marijuana considered gateway drug—serving as an introduction to the drug scene.Problems associated with marijuana use = social and behavioral problems including isolation, poor academic performance, violence and crime.Slide10

MarijuanaDecrease reaction timeDifficulty listening and speakingImpaired or reduced short-term memoryImpaired or reduced comprehensionImpairments of learning & memory perception, problem solving and judgment

Altered

sense of timeSlide11

MarijuanaReduced ability to perform tasks requiring concentration and coordination such as drivingAltered motivation and cognition making acquisition of new information difficultParanoiaIntense anxiety or panic attacksPsychological dependence and some experience physical withdrawal symptomsSlide12

MarijuanaFirst line of defense should be academics because this is where the amotivational syndrome, also known in therapy circles as the “dude” phenomenon, shows up.Academic issues first

sign:

Procrastination

Lack

of follow through

Not

turning in

assignments

in time

Dropping

grades

Missing

class etc.Slide13

Drug Use – an overviewAbuse of controlled prescription drugs in the past month has skyrocketed. 1993-to 2005Proportion of students using prescription painkillers up 343%Stimulants up 93%Tranquilizers up 450

%

Sedatives up 225 %

Daily marijuana users more than doubled (4%)Slide14

Office of National Drug Control Policy (Whitehouse.gov)Prescription DrugsMany students perceive the misuse of prescription drugs to be safer and more socially acceptable than other forms of drug use

“Prescription drug abuse is the nation’s fastest-growing drug problem, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has classified prescription drug abuse as an epidemic.”Slide15

:Prescription Drugs Most Commonly Abused by College Students

Substance

Other

Names

Immediate Intoxication Effects

Negative Health Effects

Sign of use

Pain Relievers

Oxycontin

,

Oxycodone,Tylox

,

Perdodan

, Percocet,

Lortab

, Demerol,

Darvon

,

Darvocet

, Codeine, Morphine,

Methodone

Pain relief; euphoria; drowsiness; respiratory depression and arrest; nausea; confusion; constipation; sedation; unconsciousness; restlessness

Bone & Muscle pain;

drowsiness; seizure; coma; respiratory depression; decreased heart rate

Constricted pupils;

Pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature down;

Droopy eyelids; itching; dry mouth; low raspy voice

Sedatives/ Tranquilizers

Benzos

:

Xanax

,

Ativan

, Valium, Librium,

Klonapin

Sleep Meds:

Ambien

, Sonata,

Lunesta

Slurred speech; shallow breathing; sluggishness; fatigue; disorientation and lack of coordination; dilated pupils reduced anxiety ; lowered inhibitions

Seizures; impaired memory, judgment & coordination; irritability; paranoid; suicidal thoughts; sleep problems

Drunk like appearance; disoriented; drowsiness; slurred speech; pulse and body temp. low

Stimulants

Adderall

, Ritalin,

Concerta

,

(as well as cocaine, meth and amphetamines)

Caffeine and Sugar are milder stimulants

Increased alertness, attention, and energy

Increased hostility or paranoia; dangerously high body temp; irregular heartbeat; cardiovascular failure; lethal seizures

Pupils Dilated; pulse, blood pressure and body temp elevated; restlessness; excited; runny nose; body tremors; grinding teeth; irritable; loss of appetite; insomniaSlide16

Current Designer DrugsJWH-018 (K-2 or Spice) - a syntheticcannabinoid (fake marijuana)Reportedly 4-5x stronger than THC in marijuanaEffects last between 30 minutes-2 hoursOften laced or sprayed on plant materials and smoked

Panic attacks, agitation, heart problems, anxiety, numbness, tingling, vomiting, hallucinations, tremors and seizuresSlide17

Current Designer DrugsMDPV (Bath Salts) also known as K4 Rage,Cloud Nine & Ivory WaveSimilar effects to meth, MDMA, ecstasy & cocaineAnxious, jittery behavior, lack of appetite, decreased need for sleep, paranoia, hallucinations, violence and self-mutilation

Rapid heart rates, suicidal thoughts, kidney failure increased blood pressure, renal failure and death.

Easily available in convenience stores, tattoo parlors, truck stops. Sold in small bags of crystalline powder and is addictive. Slide18

Current Designer Drugs2C-I (Smiles)Usually sold in white powder form and can be melted into chocolate candy, but can also be taken as a tabletBoth a hallucinogen and a stimulant- has been linked to recent teen deathsCan cause heart to beat out of control, seizures and foaming at the mouth

YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT YOU ARE GETTING WITH DESIGNER DRUGSSlide19

Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and UniversitiesSurvey of 2,000 studentsInterviews with 400 college and university administratorsIn-depth analysis of 6 national data setsInterviews with key researchers and other leaders in the field

Review of 800 articlesSlide20

Factors Driving College Student Substance Use and Abuse The college environment normalizes and encourages rather than restricts substance use and abuseStudents model the behavior of parents and peersThe more ingredients or reasons, the greater the risk of abuse (p.6)Slide21

Mental Health IssuesCollege students who report seriously having considered attempting suicide in the past 12 months are more likely than other students to engage in binge drinking, marijuana use other illicit drug use and smoking (p.5)CASA survey found that students diagnosed with

depression

are more likely to have abused prescription drugs, to have ever used marijuana, or other illicit drugs and to be current smokersSlide22

USA Today 8-10-2012 Liz Szabo“Prescription drugs cause most of the more than 26,000 fatal overdoses each year”, says Leonard Panlozzi of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (surpassing heroin and

cocaine combined)

Number of

deaths

tripled

from 1999-2006

Higher risk of addiction if they are depressed or under stress because drugs provide a sense of well-being and euphoria.

With use at

high doses, the margin of safety is small.

Only 39

States have databases to track narcotic prescriptionsSlide23

Christina Lanier, Erin Farley 2011. “What Matters Most?”Author suggest- to the extent we accept that college drug is part of a cultural “time-out” in which drug experimentation is acceptable and permissible- the worse our problems will be. Their

conclusion- “with poly drug use emerging as the most influential predictor for non-medical prescription drug use, campus-based educational and prevention programs should address the larger pattern of poly-drug use behavior versus educational programs that target individual drug types”. Slide24

Lanier and Farley Conclusions“In particular, educational programs need to focus on the cultural norm that permit a ‘time-out’ for students.” “This problematic ‘time-out’ culture that is pervasive on college

campuses,

facilitates drug use, abuse and experimentation among undergraduate

students.” Slide25

ChallengesOur students don’t know how to entertain themselves Many students are socially immatureLow impulse controlCan’t delay gratification—they want computer games, rapid texting and immediate responsesDrugs

on TV advertising Rx drugs

Numb

or ignorant to side effects

In a time of

crisis may be only time they listenSlide26

Best PracticesUse licensed counselors to treat drug and alcohol abuse or psychiatrist with medical management of drugsEducate doctors at Health ServicesReferrals by conduct officeWork

closely with Greek community

Educate

academic advisors

Use

of assessment and treatment

Greek

Life informal evaluation

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Best Practices: Student Health CenterWrite smaller less potent Rx Write out number of tablets given #12 (twelve)Check urine if suspect higher than prescribed use or check number of pills

Find

source of pain and deal with source if possible

Offer alternative

p

ain

management—electrical stimulation, non-steroids, muscle relaxers

Required use

of statewide drug registry – 5 minutes to registerSlide28

Suggestions from National Center on Addiction and substance Abuse (Colombia Univ.)Challenge the prevailing campus climate- stop believing that alcohol and drug experimentation and use is simply a right of passageCreate clear substance use policies and enforce themChange student attitudes, beliefs and expectations about drug use –education, enforcementEngage Parents more effectively (use parental notification)

Increase substance-free events

Monitor progress (research- CORE, Harvard Study)Slide29

Recommendations continuedHelp students cope with stress, time and work managementTarget prevention messages to groups at higher risk –freshmen, athletes, GreeksExamine academic week-teach and test on FridayInvolve students in prevention/education effortsTrain faculty, staff and students to recognize signs and symptoms of substance abuseSlide30

Thank youQuestions????