Syllabus What I expect you to do 11 Labs You must go to all 11 2 penalty for first lab missed 5 for 2 nd 10 for 3 rd Automatic course failure if you miss a 4 th lab Remember you can drop the course and take it in a semester where you are less busy ID: 643218
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Slide1
MISManagement Information Systems Syllabus
What I expect you to do!Slide2
11 LabsYou must go to all 11.2% penalty for first lab missed5% for 2
nd
10% for 3
rd
Automatic course failure if you miss a 4
th
lab.
Remember you can drop the course and take it in a semester where you are less busy.Slide3
LabPre-lab quiz 20%In-lab activity 50% (hard to makeup)Post-lab question/activity 30%
If you miss a lab, you still have to make it up before the next lab period, otherwise you get a penalty
and a zero.Slide4
Pop Quizzes & IS Speaker SeriesAbout 10 pop quizzes on reading and the IS Speaker Series You can use your notesshould be easy to get 100’s
Take notes while reading
Take notes while listening to IS Speaker Series
Attend IS Speaker Series talks
http://www.cs.siena.edu/News_&_Events/IS_Speaker_Series.php
Videos will be available in the librarySlide5
LectureEventually, I will stop using PowerPoint.70% of exam questions are answered in lectureYou can’t do well in this course unless you come to lectureSlide6
ExamsExams 1 and 2 given in classCumulative final examSlide7
Group ProjectPropose an idea for how to improve a business using technologyResearch the business and technologyLog your hours via Google Spreadsheet
Make an
ePortfolio
(individual)
Make a group Wiki (to share your research)
Make a group presentation about your ideaSlide8
SummaryAttend 11 labs One miss won’t kill youAttend lecture
2-3 misses won’t kill you
Actual work
11 pre-labs
10 post-labs
writeups
10 pop quizzes
1 group project (with individual component)
2 in-class exams
1 final examSlide9
MISManagement Information Systems The Fundamentals
Stuff that is not in the bookSlide10
Management Information Systems (MIS)What does this term really mean?
Management
a major at Siena,
a good occupation.
the act of managing;
handling, directing, controlling.
A well-known
manager on TVSlide11
MIS applies to many fields More than just Information Systems used by Managers
?
The study of
systems
that help with
the
management of
information
The
information
could be for
Accounting
Finance
Marketing
Scientific Research
Computer Gaming
Madden 12 Football Player ManagementSlide12
MIS helps build understanding
We will study the principles of transforming
data
into
information
and then beyond
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Understanding
Correctness
Adding value, context, relationships, and patterns
Understanding patterns
Understanding
and developing principles and concepts
Computers and Systems
PeopleSlide13
A better course title for MISI would call this course… Computer Systems for Managing Information
Computer being used to manage information poorly.Slide14
Why do you have to take MIS?Chapter 1 answers this question (read it).Your ability to manage information using technology will determine your success in any business field.
Contrary to media portrayals,
high school-aged students
are not
masters of technology
, but
often
clueless consumers
of
new technology
?Slide15
IT vs. ISFirst, does anyone know the difference between
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
and
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
?Slide16
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYInnovations in storing, transmitting, and sharing information
hardware
devices like:
Telephone
Computer Printer
Wireless Network Router
Also includes
software
, languages, and protocols:
Photoshop, Java, Flash, HTML, HTTP, etc.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1. Computer hardware
and
2. Software
,
but also includes:
3. People
4. Processes
, and
5. Data
Familiar Information Systems
Twitter
iTunes
Blackboard
VS.Slide17
Software is always part of bigger systemsConsider these examples
Twitter
Pointless without
people
?
iTunes
Little value without
data
(music, movies, etc.)
Blackboard
Useless without
proceduresSlide18
Hardware is always part of bigger systemsConsider these examples
iPhone
Pointless without
people
Solid State Hard Drive
No value without
data
(files, movies, etc.)
Xbox
Kinect
Difficult to use without
proceduresSlide19
I
nformation
T
echnology is part of
I
nformation
S
ystems
People
users, administrators, owners, etc.
Procedures
often documented in writing
Data
numbers, words, images, video, etc;
computerized (digital) or on paper
Hardware
PC,
iPad
, Android Phone,
RFID Scanner, Laser Printer, etc.
Software
Excel, Access, Blackboard, iTunes
Chrome, Windows 7, Oracle
IT
ISSlide20
IT is practically free
Cost of labor and natural resources keep rising.
But, every 18 months, the cost of information technology decreases by nearly 50%
See Figure 1-1 in the book
Data communication and storage are so cheap that CEO’s consider it free.
Businesses
leverage
this free commodity.
And, consumers are happy to pay for it.Slide21
Leveraging TechnologyIn 1992, I bought Metallica’s
Black Album
for $16.99
at store called Record Town.
Today, you can download new albums on iTunes for $9.99.
Information Technology makes delivering music cheaper
right or wrong?
This is great for the consumer
right or wrong? Slide22
How Leveraging Technology WorksThose who purchase “cheap” songs on iTunes often
Pay
$60-$100/month
for their
iPhone
service
Pay
$1000-3000
every three years
for a
MacBookSlide23
How Leveraging Technology WorksConsumers pay for Apple’s store (iTunes) by buying Apple hardware
Apple Corporation can
sell music
without
moving stuff in trucks
building a store in your town
hiring clerks
BTW: If you own a PC, Microsoft leverages consumers in many other ways.Slide24
Famous quote“Instead of learning how to program computers
kids minds are being
programmed by computers
.”
Who said it? When?
We rely so much on technology that it changes the way we think and behave.
This change is good if you are a
master of technology
its bad if you are
a grunt user/employee
clueless consumer of technologySlide25
Why I care?I teach Computer Science (CS) majors how to
blow up your business job!
In CS, we build software systems that replace costly human labor to help businesses become more profitable
unless you have ideas on how to use information systems to improve business, you might not have a “thinking” career in business.Slide26
How will I help you?By making you do lab activities
where you will
Use computer systems to solve problems and manage information
Labs are important because
You get to actually do stuff
Then, you think about what you did
Then, I tell you why it was important
What lab might look like if I were handsome and smiledSlide27
Why you should care about labs.You need to knowHow to use information systems in
non-routine
ways.
How information systems can help
Solve problems
Make better decisions
Create strategic advantages
What better way to learn this than to actually do it on computer?Slide28
Will doing the labs make me a master of technology?
No!
You have to do 5 other things
But, these things will also help you
get an A in the course and
avoid a grunt-like career with no job security
Do you want to know the 5 things?Slide29
#1 Read
Read the text book
Read the lab instructions
Read your own writing before you submit it
If you don’t understand what you are reading, read it again 2 more times!
And, if someone still has to explain it to you, read it a 3rd time again so you understand your misunderstanding
Abstract Reasoning
Reading hones your abstract thinking skill
Pictures & video are nice, but written words
help you imagine
help you build your own mental model of the world
If you rely on others to build a model for you,
You will not understand things as deeply
and, you’ll struggle to solve problems on your ownSlide30
#2 Look at the world as a system
Input
Output
Identify goals
Make honest observations about the world around you, and connect inputs with outputs
Take action to achieve your goal
1. Goal
2. Observe
3. ActionSlide31
#2 Look at the world as a system
Goal
: I want to get an A.
Observations
:
Studied 2 hours for exam1 and got a B.
Studied 4 hours for exam2 and got a A-.
Input
: hours studied
Output
: grade
Why this helps
Some systems are poorly designed and unfair, some are fair and consistent.
Regardless, understanding how a system works is the key to controlling the system and achieving goals.
Input
Output
Connect input and outputsSlide32
#3 Share ideas and be open to criticism
McDonald’s Grunt:
Goal:
To be a manager
Observation:
We cook too many fries at once. By the time we sell them all, the last order is cold.
Idea:
We should cook half as many fries, but twice as often.
Idiot Night Manager
:
Criticism:
Dude, we are going to have to work harder to fill the fryer twice as often.
Grunt:
Openness:
You are right, but my goal is to make crispy, tasty fries and I’m not afraid to work harder.Slide33
#4 Experiment (test what works the best)
Grunt:
Filling the fryer at 50% capacity but twice as often is too much work.
but filling it at 66% capacity but 1.5 times as often works out great
Also we can change the % based on how busy we are.
Idiot Night Manager
:
Good job, nerd!
District Manager
:
Since we hired Grunt, we are selling more fries
customers say the fries are fresher and crispier
Outcome:
Grunt gets promoted to “thinking” position
Idiot Manager has to follow Grunt’s nerdy fry cooking process any way.Slide34
#5 Identify bad ideas and do the right thing
.
Student #1 goal
My goal is to minimize the amount of work to do on this project.
Student #1 idea
I will just copy text from Wikipedia.
Student #2 identifies bad idea
That’s plagiarism and it might lead to you having to do more work.
Outcome
:
Student #1 gets
a zero on project,
fails the course
must take the course again
must redo project next semester anyway
Student #2 ends up doing a lot less work on the project than student #1.Slide35
How these steps apply to MIS
To leverage information technology and systems in your future career/business, you must often
use technology and systems in new/innovative ways,
do things you’ve never done before with very little help.
This is NOT easy.
It requires: reading, making systematic observations, collaborating, experimenting, and eventually doing the right thing.
NOTSlide36
How can I help to make it easy?
My job as your teacher is
NOT
to show you
what buttons to press.
My job is to teach you
non-routine skills
, i.e., strategies for
how to press the right buttons
.Slide37
Technology & Non-routine skillsAbstract Reasoning reading is essential in developing thoughts and ideas
technology cannot put thoughts in your mind like reading can
Systems Thinking
business itself is a system with input and output
business systems are rich with technology
Collaboration
sharing your ideas and handling criticism positively makes for better ideas
technology impacts how people collaborateSlide38
Technology & Non-routine skills4. Experimentationtry things, take risks, be curious
don‘t just use technology, experiment with it
5. Ethics & Integrity
doing the right thing will eventually pay off.
Technology makes it easier to cheat, but also easier to catch cheatsSlide39
Don’t be afraid to “press new buttons”
But, before you press a button,
read and think
What is your goal?
Goals are often formalized in writing.
What does the button do?
Buttons are often described in documentation (i.e., writing).
After you press the button,
think and reflect
Did the button do what is was supposed to?
Did pressing it get you closer to your goal?Slide40
Chapter 1 take awayNon-routine skills that are valued in MIS?AbstractionSystem Thinking
Collaboration
Experimentation
Ethics & Integrity (this one is mine)
Slide41
Good Information Systems vs. Bad onesDr. Breimer’s
Goal: I want information about you on a roster cheat sheet so I can get to know you all better.
My system (a bad one):
Students make documents (Word)
Student upload them (Blackboard)
I download them and grade them (Blackboard)
I mash them up (Word)Slide42
My bad systemPeople: Instructor and 30 studentsSoftware: Word and Blackboard
Hardware:
Your computers and mine
Processes:
The pre-lab instructions (written) my process (in my head)
Data:
Your names, majors, pictures, interesting facts about you, your goalsSlide43
My bad systemInput: Information entered into 30 Word documentsProcessing: A lot of cutting, pasting, screen capturing your photos, cropping them.
Output:
My roster cheat sheet
Feedback:
I keep track of how long it takes; it takes me about 1.5 hours to make my cheat sheet. Slide44
Why is it bad?
on your computer
on blackboard
on my computerSlide45
How could it be better?
on the cloudSlide46
Major take-awayA better system can reduce the amount of work, but not necessarily for everyone involved.In your career, do not think a system is bad just because it makes *you* do more work.Companies care more about the aggregate work and you may be on the wrong end of the pyramid of success.Slide47
A bad systemYou and your partner are working collaboratively on a Word documentGoal: To share document with partnerInformation System:
Software:
EmailSlide48
Emailing attachments: a bad system
on your computer
your sent mail/inbox
partner’s computer
partner’s inbox/sent mail
V1
V1
V1
V1
V2
V2
V2
V2
V3
V3
V3
V3Slide49
Using WinSCPa better system?
your
z
: drive
partner’s
z
: drive
V1
V1
V2
V2
V3
V3Slide50
Take-aways from Intro LabWinSCP
is great way for you to access your lab work from home and copy a file for your partner.
ScreenHunter
is a nice way to “take a picture” of your computer screen.
Google
, when used thoughtfully, is perhaps the greatest software component ever created.
All of these are software components that can be part of bigger systems.Slide51
Take-aways from Intro LabThe software and hardware you decide to use greatly impacts how a system works.
Software is often designed with a goal in mind.
The software designer’s goal and your goal in using it may be different
Email was not designed to help people collaboratively edit a document
Neither was
WinSCP
Google Docs was
But, to innovate/improvise with the tools you have is key.Slide52
Chapter 1 Key TopicWhat are the 5 Components of an Information System?Slide53
Components of an Information System
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
Computer Side
Human Side
Bridge
Actors
Instructions
Automation:
Move work from human side to computer side
More difficult to changeSlide54
Components of an Information SystemThe benefits of automation is not just to do things automatically.
What are the real benefits of automation?
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
Computer Side
Human Side
Automation:
Move work from human side to computer side
More difficult to changeSlide55
2 big motivations behind IS automationAgility
People
are often
slow to change
Often hard to retrain
Replacing people with computers (hardware) helps businesses become more
agile
.
Business processes can be
changed
easier if they are implement with hardware or software.
Growth
Procedures
are often
ambiguous
not formally defined
tedious
difficult to follow
Replacing procedures with programs (software) helps business to
grow
Business processes can be
scaled –up
easier if they are implemented with software or hardware.Slide56
iTunes as a System
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?Slide57
iTunes as a System
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
User devices:
iPhone
iPod
iPad
MacBook
MP3 Player
PC
Apple side:
Media Server
Infrastructure:
Network
Routers
User devices:
iTunes itself
Mac OS
Apple side:
Media Content Management System
Media itself
Music
Movies
TV Shows
Apps
Games
User:
Create account
Login
Buy song
Apple Side:
Add new song
Organize songs
Advertise new
songs
Content Providers:
Upload song
Get money
User:
Consumer who buys songs,
Apple :System admins
ProgrammersCSRMarketersContent Providers:Artists, Record Studios, App Developers, CollegesSlide58
Blackboard as a System
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?
Examples?Slide59
Blackboard as a System
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
User devices:
PC
Laptop
Admin side:
Web Server
Database Server
Infrastructure:
Network
Routers
User devices:
Web Browser
Excel
Admin side:
Blackboard system itself
Database tools
Student Grades
PowerPoint files
Word Documents
Assignments
Project Descriptions
Messages
Calendar items
Student:
Login
Submit assignment
Check grades
Faculty:
Enter grades
Upload project description
Admin side:
Create courses
Enroll students
Students
Faculty
System
AdminsSlide60
Information System ViewConcrete & Real
(i.e., not abstract)
5 components:
Hardware
Software
Data (bridge/center)
Procedures
People
General
System View
Conceptual View (i.e., abstract)
8 properties:
Stakeholder
Goal
System Boundaries
Input
Processing
Output
Feedback
key in understanding systems
Control
VS.Slide61
iTunes
Goal
Input
Processing
Output
Stakeholder
Customer
Musician/
ArtistSlide62
iTunes
Goal
Input
Processing
Output
wants to buy a cheap song
Song selection, credit card number
(
money
)
Check to see if card is valid,
Start download of song
Stakeholder
Customer
Decoded audio file, can be copied on up to 8 devices
(
song
)
Wants to sell their music
Artist account information, encoded audio file
(
song
)
Create artist account, song added to system
Musician/
Artist
Electronic funds added to account for each song sold (
money
)Slide63
iTunes: Customer Feedback
Goal
Input
Processing
Output
wants to buy a cheap song
Song selection, credit card number
(
money
)
Check to see if card is valid,
Start download of song
Stakeholder
Customer
Decoded audio file, can be copied on up to 8 devices
(
song
)
Examples of Feedback:
Message: “
Lagy
Gada
not found, did you mean Lady Gaga.”
Message: “you have $4.99 left on your gift card.”
Message: “this song is authorized on 5 devices.”
Message: “5 minutes left to download song.”Slide64
Feedback from a user/customer perspectiveMessages that let you know what is happeningInformation about your usage of the system
Is your input good?
Is your output on the way?
Helps you
correct mistakes
enter input
understand the outputSlide65
iTunes: Artist (content provider) Feedback
Goal
Input
Processing
Output
Stakeholder
Examples of Feedback:
Message: “Your song X has been purchased 74 times.”
Message: “
County
is not a valid category for song X.”
Message: “You have not uploaded an image for your band.”
Message: “5 minutes left to
upload song Y.”
Wants to sell their music
Artist account information, encoded audio file
(
song
)
Create artist account, song added to system
Musician/
Artist
Electronic funds added to account for each song sold
(
money
)Slide66
Feedback from an artist perspectiveMessages that let you know what is happeningInformation about your usage of the system
Is your input good?
Is your output on the way?
Helps you
correct mistakes
enter input
understand the outputSlide67
Key Concept: Feedback is relative to the stakeholder/goal.Notice how similar the feedback is for customers and artists.
Why?
They are both the same kind of stakeholder.
Both users of iTunes.
Symmetric goals
Buy song
Sell song
But, iTunes has another stakeholder! Who?Slide68
iTunes: System Owners perspective
Goal
Input
Processing
Output
Stakeholder
Examples of Feedback:
Top selling songs, shows, apps, etc.
Login/usage report
including top devices used (i.e.,
iPhone
, iPod Touch,
iPad
,
MacBook
, PC, etc.)
Sales by media type (music, movies, etc.)
Sell media (music, apps, movies, etc.)
Provide content to add value to
iPhone
,
iPads
, etc.
New features
New types of media
Create new user accounts
Add new media
Promote media
Apple Corporation
Increased
usage, exposure, market share
Increased
sales (money)Slide69
Feedback from the system owner’s perspectiveMessages that tell you if the system is workinghow well it’s working
how close you are to achieving a goal
Apple did NOT create iTunes to generate a sales report?
The sales report is feedback, not output.Slide70
Pop Quiz #1Information Systems have 5 components.What 2 are part of the human side?
What 2 are part of the computer side?
Which one is the bridge?
Describe Moore’s law?Slide71
Why IT matters?Aeronautical Technology
Jet liners today are actually
Slower than ones from the 80’s
More expensive to build
Higher total cost of ownership
Information Technology
Computer of today are
1000 times faster than the ones from the 80’s
1/4
th
the cost
Cost less than the electricity to power themSlide72Slide73
3. Information System Boundaries
System Boundaries & Data Flow
People
:
Customers
Musicians
2. Stakeholder
: Apple Corp.
5. Processing:
Charge customers, distribute songs, organize musicians, promote
4. Input:
More musicians
6. Output:
Electronic Funds
7. Feedback:
Usage Reports
8. Control:
New Features
Software
:
iTunes
Procedures
:
Buy song
Sell song
Data
:
Songs
Account Info
Hardware
:
Media Server
User devices
1. Goal:
Make a profit off the selling of musicSlide74
3. Information System Boundaries
Lady Gaga Perspective
People
:
Customers
Admin
2. Stakeholder
: Lady Gaga
5. Processing:
Charge customers, distribute songs, promote
4. Input:
New songs
6. Output:
Electronic Funds
7. Feedback:
Top Selling Songs
8. Control:
promote new song
Software
:
iTunes
Procedures
:
Categorize
song
Data
:
Songs
Account Info
Hardware
:
Media Server
User devices
1. Goal:
Sell my musicSlide75
3. Information System Boundaries
Dissatisfied Customer Perspective
People
:
Admin
Musician
2. Stakeholder
: iTunes Customer
5. Processing:
Charge customers, distribute songs, promote
4. Input:
Song Selection
6. Output:
A digital song
7. Feedback:
“AC/DC not found”
8. Control:
Pick a new song
Or stop using iTunes
Software
:
iTunes
Procedures
:
Create new
account
Data
:
Songs
Account Info
Hardware
:
Media Server
User devices
1. Goal:
Buy my favorite musicSlide76
3. Information System Boundaries
Satisfied Customer Perspective
People
:
Admin
Buckethead
2. Stakeholder
: iTunes Customer
5. Processing:
Charge customers, distribute songs, promote
4. Input:
Credit Card #
Song Selection
6. Output:
A digital song
7. Feedback:
“
Buckethead
album on sale”
8. Control:
Buy an iPod so I can enjoy
Buckethead
on the go
Software
:
iTunes
Procedures
:
Create new
account
Data
:
Songs
Account Info
Hardware
:
Media Server
User devices
1. Goal:
Buy my favorite musicSlide77
Key Concept: Feedback is not output“you have $4.99 left on your gift card.” Consumers do NOT login to iTunes to find out how much money they have left on a gift card.
They spend the gift card
“
County
is not a valid category for your song.”
Artists to NOT login to iTunes to figure out how to spell “Country.”
These messages are forms of feedback,
not output!Slide78
FeedbackAll feedback is a form of output because it comes out of the system
But, feedback is specific output that
helps stakeholders use a system
tells owners if a system is working
Output
is more directly connected to the goal or purpose of a system.
If you want to buy a song from a system, the output is the song.
What if the goal of a system is to generate a sales report?
VS.Slide79
Great ExamplesFacebook
Goal:
In 2008, McDonalds wanted to use social networking to distribute coupons to better promote its new menu items. Hopefully sales for the new items will improve once the coupons are on
Facebook
?
Sales Report
Output or feedback?
Cash Register System
Goal:
In the 1980’s McDonalds wanted to track sales in real time so they invest in a computerized cash register system. Real time sales reporting will help them improve their supply chain.
Sales Report
Output or feedback?Slide80
Great ExamplesBlackboard
Goal:
Professor wants to track if students are clicking on the assigned case studies
Input:
Case Studies (Word Documents)
Processing:
Students login, navigate to case studies, click on document, Blackboard tracks the clicks.
Student Click Report
Output or feedback?
Blackboard
Goal:
Professor wants to share grades with students.
Problem:
Students keep asking for their grades in class
Investigation:
Professor notices that students have never logged in.
Solution:
Professor shows students how to login.
Student Login Report
Output or feedback?Slide81
Input vs. ControlInput is what you put into the system.It is typically processed in some way, which directly or indirectly helps to produce output.
You input
fuel
into a car and the car produces forward movement
From Apple’s perspective, you put musicians and customers in iTunes and money comes out.
Input is usually a noun: Fuel, a song, a grade, money, raw data, potatoes, a musician.
Control
is how you might change the system
Control is usually a verb.Slide82
Examples of System ControlDeep Fat Fryer: Raise the cooking temperatureFacebook
:
Restrict wall posting to only close friends
Blackboard:
Show only my active courses
Assembly Line:
Increase production by 20%
iTunes:
Block artists from uploading Microsoft file formats
Furnace:
Limit the output to 71 degreesSlide83
System ControlSystems have variables that can be changed
And
parameters
that
cannot
be change
Variable:
Assembly line can be set to output between 0 and 20 cars per minute
Output is set to 10
Parameter:
20 cars per minute is the maximum Slide84
Critical Thinking QuestionSetting the thermostat to 68 degreesIs this an example of input, output, processing, control or feedback.Slide85
Analysis TechniqueSetting the thermostat to 68 degreesFirst ask two questions:
Who is the
stakeholder
?
What is their
goal
?Slide86
Analysis TechniqueSetting the thermostat to 68 degreesWho is the
stakeholder
?
Me
What is their
goal
?
To keep the room temperature at 68 degreesSlide87
Analysis TechniqueSetting the thermostat to 68 degrees“setting” is a verb
Could be processing or control
Control can change/invoke processing but may not produce output.
Processing directly leads to output.
What if there is no fuel?
What if the temp is already 68 degrees?
“Burning fuel” is the process
“Heat” is the output.Slide88
Analysis TechniqueSetting the thermostat to 68 degrees“68 degrees” is a noun, a number, a temp value
Could be input, output, or feedback.
Are you putting this value into the system our does the system spit out this number?
Does this tell you if the system is meeting the goal?Slide89
Special TopicHow are Information Systems used in throughout businesses?Are there different types or categories?
Slide90
Business Processes
Operations Level
Tactical Decision Making
Management Level
Strategic
Decision Making
Executive Level
Information Systems
support all
levels
of a business’s
hierarchySlide91
Business Processes
Operations Level
Tactical Decision Making
Management Level
Strategic
Decision Making
Executive Level
Information Systems
Support all
types
of employees
Graphic Artist
Night Manager
District Manager
CEO
VP Finance
Assembly Line Worker
Production Manager
Account Supervisor
President
Research
Director
Cashier
Teacher
Dean
DesignerSlide92
Abstract Thinking & ExperimentationBe aware of your company’s goal in using Information SystemsDon’t mistaken
your ignorance
for a
stupid system
.
Read the system’s instructions, help documents, and manual if available.
And, use the web to find answers
Don’t be afraid to experiment with systems
If you fail, backtrack and try again
Try to find the best process to achieve your goal.
Don’t just settle on a process that worksSlide93
Business Processes
Operations Level
Strategic
Decision Making
Executive Level
Computer
Information Systems
first supported the
Management Level
Spreadsheet Program
Early 1980’s
Store Information in Computer Files instead of Paper Files
Data Import
Paper Reports
Raw Data EntrySlide94
Strategic
Decision Making
Executive Level
Management
demanded
specialize systems and
pushed data entry to
Operational Level
Accounting Information System
Late 80’s
Data Entry System
Paper Reports
Raw Data Entry
Electronic
ReportsSlide95
Strategic
Decision Making
Executive Level
Each manager wanted
their own custom
system for their
Functional Area
Accounting Information System
Late 1980’s
to early 90’s
Inventory Data Entry System
Financial Information System
Finance
Data Entry System
Production Information System
Assembly Line
Control System
Account Data Entry SystemSlide96
Accounting Information System
Inventory Data Entry System
Financial Information System
Finance
Data Entry System
Production Information System
Assembly Line
Control System
Account Data Entry System
Executives
wanted
integrated, real-time
information
(no more paper
reports)
Mid 1990’s
Executive
Information SystemSlide97
In in the early 1990’s, Information Systems were focused on the narrow needs of specific Functional AreasAccounting – Inventory Control
Finance
– Investment Reporting
Operations
- Production Control
Human Resources
– Benefit Management
Marketing
– Sales Management
Functional SystemsSlide98
Executives notice thatfast, accurate information gave their company a strategic advantage.Money was being spent on very similar systems
for each
Functional Area
Could Accounting and Finance
use the same system?
Could all the systems be integrated?
Enterprise SystemsSlide99
Studying SystemsLarge companies had so many information systems that you could actually study them like animals.Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, etc.
Different families
Different species
This is called a taxonomy
helps you understand similarity and difference
Information Systems also have a taxonomy.Slide100
Accounting
Reports
Financial Reports
Data Entry Framework
Production Reports
Late 90’s and
2000’s
Executive
Portal
Enterprise
System
(central database)
Marketing
Reports
Large companies replaced many “functional systems” with one large “enterprise system”
Accounting
Operations & Production
Marketing
Finance
HR
HR
ReportsSlide101
CMCC LabComputer MediatedC
ommunication (early innovations)
email
instant messaging
C
ollaboration (more recent innovations)
shared documents
digital whiteboardSlide102
CMCC ECSE
nterprise
C
ollaboration
S
ystems
Companies had many independent systems in different departments
Email
(Outlook Express)
Scheduling
(r25 system)
Video & Teleconferencing
(Cisco system)
Companies now value having one unified system
Outlook (email, scheduling, task management)
Lotus Notes (same)
Google Apps Slide103
CMCC Lab & Group ProjectWhat you needed to do in lab..Worklog
complete and shared with me
Google Calendar
complete with your schedule
Reoccuring
group meeting (5 of you should be free)
One meeting with me in March (2 of you should be free)
About Us page on Google Site
with links to each group member’s
ePortfolioSlide104
CMCC Post Lab!Ignore the Post-lab on Blackboard!We are doing a special post-labProject Proposal
Each team member will list companies, technologies, and one idea.
Due next Monday/Tuesday
Then, meet with your team and agree on the “best” idea.
Preliminary research and final “idea” are due
by February 29thSlide105
Taxonomy of SystemsLarge companies had so many information systems that you could actually study them like animals.Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, etc.
Different families
Different species
This is called a taxonomy and it helps you better understand the similarity and difference between animals.
Information Systems also have a taxonomy.Slide106
Classic Taxonomy of Information Systems
All Information Systems
Operational Systems:
Systems that Support Operations
Management Systems:
Systems that Support Management
TPS
Transaction Processing
Systems
PCS
Process
Control
Systems
ECS
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
MIS
Management
Information
Systems
DSS
Decision
Support
Systems
EIS
Executive
Information
SystemsSlide107
Functional vs. EnterpriseAn attribute of a system, not a category in taxonomy.Analogy: Some lizards are Herbivores, some Carnivore, and some Omnivores.
Some DSS’s can be Functional, some Enterprise, and some Cross-Functional.
Functional
Tailored to the goals of one
functional business unit
(Accounting, Marketing, HR, etc.)
Enterprise
Tailored to the goals of the entire company; typically used by all units
Cross-functional
Tailored to two or more functional business units, but not all.Slide108
Another Taxonomy
All Information Systems
Functional
Systems:
Focused on one
functional area
Enterprise
Systems:
Integrates all
functional areas
TPS
Transaction Processing
Systems
PCS
Process
Control
Systems
ECS
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
MIS
Management
Information
Systems
DSS
Decision
Support
Systems
EIS
Executive
Information
Systems
Cross-Functional
Systems:
Two or more area, but not allSlide109
Transaction Processing System (TPS)Helps to manage transactions
ATM
Machine
System
Banking
Transactions
Cash Register
System
Point
of Sale Transactions
Accounting System – Checking Account Transactions
Even Pay-per-view or
OnDemand
is a
TPS
What functional areas use TPS?
Accounting, Finance, Operations, Marketing, Human Resources.
0Slide110
Process Control Systems (PCS)Monitors and Controls Production Processes (duh)Often Industrial/Manufacturing Processes
Examples:
Petroleum Refining
Power Generation
Automobile
Manufacturing
Making French Fries
0Slide111
Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS)Supports Operations (Surprised?)Teamwork, communication, and collaboration
Examples:
E-mail
Chat
Video Conferencing
Calendaring
Journaling
Workflow
File
Sharing
0Slide112
Management Information System (MIS)Supports Management (duh?)Analysis & ReportingCharts, Graphs, Summary Tools
Usually connected to TPS and PCS systems.
Examples
:
Banner
–
Manages College
Information (Siena uses it)
Spreadsheet (Excel) – One of the first and most
basic
Now considered a tool that is part of a system
Oracle's Corporate Performance Management
0Slide113
Decision Support System (DSS)What-if Analysis, Decision Modeling, Scenario Building, Highly interactive, ad hoc.
Most DSS’s are custom developed for specific companies; very few out-of-the-box products.
One Example:
Enterprise Decision Manager 2.0 Fair Isaac Corporation
0Slide114
Executive Information Systems (EIS)Supports high-level strategic management
Uses critical data from
other systems (MIS and DSS).
Portal Concept: one place with links to all information
EIS’s integrate
external information
such as economic developments and news about related markets and competitors. Helps strategic decision making, not
just tactical
.
Tactical – doing things the right way right
Strategic – doing the right things
0Slide115
Information Flow
Executive Information System
Executives
MIS
TPS
PCS
Operational Systems and Staff
DSS
Managers
Enterprise Collaboration System
System
Information
Flow
Information
Exchange/
Communication
0Slide116
Information Flow
Executive Information System
Executives
MIS
TPS
PCS
Operational Systems and Staff
DSS
Managers
Enterprise Collaboration System
0
Operations
ManagementSlide117
Processes vs. TransactionsAre transactions a type of business process or are processes a type of business transaction?Do transactions involve processing?Do processes involve transactions?
Confused?Slide118
Example of a Business ProcessToyota manufactures a Sienna MinivanSlide119
Example of a Business ProcessExxon-Mobile refines crude oil into gasolineSlide120
Process Control Systems (PCS)PCS’s help to control processes (duh!)automate processes
speed up processes
make processes more cost effective
generate feedback to better understand processesSlide121
Business Processes involving Computers and InformationSiena College registers students for classes
Times Union Center
checks
tickets
at door
Doctor’s Office
schedules
patient visitSlide122
The transaction component of information processingSiena College bills a student for
classes
Times Union Center
sells
tickets
to
customers
Doctor’s Office
cashes
check
from
patientSlide123
Is this a process or a transaction?Lakisha says, “I want a Big Mac without Mayo!”
Mason enters order into McDonald’s Point-of-Sale Terminal, which he thinks is a stupid system.
Mason says, “duh, umm, that’ll be $3.75.”
Lakisha
hands Mason a $5 bill
Mason hands
Lakisha
$1 and one quarter
17 minutes later…
Mason hands
Lakisha
an undercooked Big Mac with Mayo.Slide124
Here is the real business process:Lakisha says, “I want a Big Mac! with no mayo” and Mason enters this order into an
Information System
and then goes back to picking his nose.
2
minutes later…
Aiden stops thinking about Madden 2012, reads the order monitor and places beef patty on grill. After undercooking the burger, he moves it to a processing area
3 minutes later…
Hailey stops texting, reads her order screen but ignores “no mayo.” She places burger on bun with lettuce, tomato, and lots of mayo, and moves it to a receiving area, but forgets to press the “order complete” button so no one knows its ready.
12 minutes later…
Lakisha
says, “Where the **** is my Big Mac?” and
Mason hands
Lakisha
a Big Mac with lots of mayo that is undercooked and has been in the receiving area for 12 minutes.Slide125
Process vs. TransactionMcDonald’s “makes” a
hamburger
McDonald’s
takes
customer’s money
and
gives
customer a hamburger
.Slide126
Process vs. TransactionA Process
The steps involved in
transforming raw materials into a product
providing a service
FYI: taking a customer’s money is not a service
Information Processing:
Transforming Raw Data into useful Information
A Transaction
Usually involves two entities
customer and business
(or C2C, B2B, etc)
Things of value are exchanged
money for a product
money for a serviceSlide127
Process vs. TransactionWhile a transaction is part of a bigger business process, the transaction does not produce the product or service
Example:
Handing a cashier money does NOT produce a hamburger.
What are the key processes in making a hamburger?Slide128
Process or transaction?Customer use a credit card to buy their 40 year old brother a $120 StarWars
light-saber from Amazon.com.Slide129
Process or transaction?Placing 10 lbs of sliced potatoes into a deep-fat fryer in order to cook French fries.Slide130
Process or transaction?Time Warner mails a customer a cable TV billSlide131
Process or transaction?Toyota printing 1000 payroll checks for the assembly line workers at a plant in Ohio.Slide132
Process or transaction?Siena department heads
develop
a schedule of classes and
assign
professors to teach the classes.
Students register for classes.
These processes
were hell before information systems could helpSlide133
Process Control Systems (PCS)Information Systems that help control processes, not transactions.
Is a cash register a PCS?Slide134
What is a cash register these days?Functionality/CapabilitiesStore money in a drawerSwipe/read a credit card
Connect to VISA/MC/AE
Scan a product’s bar code to get price
Calculate the amount of change
These capabilities
Have nothing to do with making products or
services
Have everything to do with
transaction of the product.Slide135
Bored? Offended?The examples I’m giving you are intentionally simple to eliminate confusion.Soon we will look at very complex systems and you will be challenged.Slide136
PCS + TPS + MIS is commonIBM sells McDonalds a system which combines a Cash Register System (example of TPS
) with an
Order Processing System (example of
PCS
).
Together the TPS and PCS send data to a
Supply Chain Management System
(example of
MIS
)
helps McDonalds streamline its distribution of raw materials (buns, burgers, potatoes).Slide137
Critical Thinking QuestionObservation: The new deep fat fryer at McDonalds has a wireless network adapter.
Question:
Is this the stupidest thing you’ve ever heard of or what?
Real Question:
Why would you ever connect a deep fat frying to the Internet?Slide138
Deep Fat Fryer as a Hardware DeviceGoals: Fresher fries, less waste
Fryer as PCS Data Source
Amount of Fries cooked
is input to other systems
Helps you determine when to change the fryer oil more consistently
Compare to fries sold (from TPS) and you get feedback
If fries sold << fries cooked then we are cooking too many fries.
Fryer as a processing control device
Fryer tells you exactly how far to fill it.
Instead of cooking fries on demand, you always cook fries, but vary the “load” based on historical sales (from TPS).Slide139
Control vs. Processing revisitedComparing fries cooked to fries sold to calculate % waste is information processing
Cooking the fries is physical processing, not information processing.
% waste is
feedback
Not necessary to cook fries but indicates if you are meeting your goal.
Looking at yesterdays data might not be enough to make good estimates.
Changing the system so it looks at the average for all weekdays is
information system
control
.
Computing this average is
information
processing
.Slide140
Human ReactionImagine if you’ve been working at McDonalds for 10 years and now a device tells you exactly how many pounds of potatoes to put in the fryer.How might you react?
How should you react?Slide141
SummaryInformation Systems include IT (Hardware and Software) but also People, Data, and Procedures to follow.Understanding General System requires identifying 8 key components: Goals, Stakeholders, System Boundaries, Input, Processing, Output, Feedback, and Control.Slide142
SummaryHistorically, system have been designed for the 5 core functional units of business
.
6 different types
of systems emerged: PCS, TPS, ECS, MIS, DSS, and EIS.
More recently,
enterprise systems
have been developed to integrate systems in all the
units
.Slide143
SummaryThe output of one system could be the input to another.The output of one system could be feedback to another.Feedback is information that helps you
Improve a system
Change a system
Control a systemSlide144
SummaryIf you clearly define a system’s goals, boundaries, and stakeholder than it is easier to separate input, processing, output, feedback and control.Just understanding the input and the output of a system is often enough to “figure it out” and “leverage it” to gain advantages.
Leveraging system or designing
good systems requires understanding good and bad systems.