Whats difference between a psychiatrist clinical psychologist and counselor How do psychoanalysts treat disorders How do behaviorists treat disorders What are classical conditioning techniques to therapy ID: 375878
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Slide1
Treatment of Mental DisordersSlide2
What’s difference between a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, and counselor?
How do psychoanalysts treat disorders?
How do behaviorists treat disorders?
What are classical conditioning techniques to therapy?
What is manifest content of dreams? Latent content?
What are operant conditioning techniques?
What is cognitive therapy?
Who is Albert Ellis?
Who is Aaron Beck?
How do Humanists treat disorders?
What are biomedical therapies?
Benefits of group therapy?Slide3
Key Questions for this Unit
What’s the difference between a Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist and a Counselor?
How do Psychoanalysts treat mental disorders?How do Behaviorists treat? How do Humanists treat? What is Cognitive therapy?Slide4
What is a psychiatrist?
Psychiatrists are MDs (medical doctors) with a specialty in treating mental disorders, usually with a biomedical therapy (medicine) and some talk therapy.
You would see a “shrink” if you have schizophrenia, severe depression, suicidal thoughts, and other severe mental problems that need medication.Slide5
What is a clinical psychologist?
A clinical psychologist has a
PhD (more research based) or PsyD (emphasis on therapy) in psychology (no medical school). They treat fairly serious mental illnesses with “talk” therapies.
They might treat personality disorders, anxiety disorders, addictions using insight or “talk” therapy.Slide6
What is a counselor?
A counselor uses “talk” therapy to treat non-mental disorders like improving communication between family members, grief counseling, marital counseling, life strategies.
Counselors have a Masters Degree with specialty training.Slide7
Specialty:
Problems of normal living
Work setting:
Schools, clinics, other institutions
Credentials:
Master’s in counseling, PhD, EdD, or PsyD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide8
Specialty:
Those with severe disorders
Work setting:
Private practice, mental health agencies, hospitals
Credentials:
PhD or PsyD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide9
Specialty:
Severe mental disorders (often by means of drug therapies)
Work setting:
Private practice, clinics, hospitals
Credentials:
MD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide10
Specialty:
Freudian therapy
Work setting:
Private practice
Credentials:
MD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide11
Specialty:
Nursing specialty; licensed to prescribe drugs
Work setting:
Private practice, clinics, hospitals
Credentials:
RN – plus special training in treating mental disorders and prescribing drugs
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide12
Specialty:
Social worker with specialty in dealing with mental disorders
Work setting:
Often employed by government
Credentials:
MSW
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide13
Specialty:
Combines spiritual guidance with practical counseling
Work setting:
Religious order or ministry
Credentials:
Varies
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Pastoral counselorSlide14
In
contrast to a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is more likely to
a) engage in an eclectic approach
b) use a biomedical/somatic treatment
c) recognize the importance of group therapy with patients having the same disorder
d) treat clients in community mental health centers exclusivelySlide15
Perspectives on Treatment
Psychoanalytic
BehavioralHumanisticCognitiveBiophysicalSlide16
Psychoanalytic (5 methods)
Dream
AnalysisTransferenceHypnosisFree associationSymptom Substitution
All 5 rely on
exposing (bringing into conscious)
unconscious thoughts and interpreting them.Slide17Slide18
A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of
therapy:
1.
Free Association
–
patient reports anything that comes to his/her mind.
The psychoanalyst takes whatever you say
and treats it like a window into your unconscious mind. Slide19
B.
Dream analysis
:
Dreams have two types of content:
Manifest content
- actual events in dream.
Latent content
– hidden message in dream.
(latent = hidden)
Freud thought that each dream represents a
form of
wish fulfillment
. The wish may be
disguised, but it is always there.
Slide20
C.
Transference
Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred)
are expressed toward the therapist.
These feelings are actually unconsciously felt
toward others; the patient is
projecting
these
feelings onto the therapist.
This provides clues about the client’s feelings
about these other people.Slide21
D. Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique.
Supposedly reaches into the unconsciousWhatever you think, patients report benefits from hypnosis.Slide22
E. Symptom Substitution
Client appears to get better from original problem or, but shortly thereafter, a new symptom emerges
Why? Original problem not actually foundSlide23
The
goal of psychoanalytical therapy is
a) to change maladaptive behavior to more socially acceptable behavior b) to change negative thinking into more positive attributions
c) to attain self-actualization
d) to bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness and gain
insightSlide24
Treating
the therapist as though he were a very important person from one’s past, such as a parent, defines
a) resistance b) transference
c) frustration
d) reaction formationSlide25
Behavioral TherapySlide26
Behavioral Therapy
Behaviorists believe that mental problems are caused by classical conditioning (for example, phobias), operant conditioning (addictions, depression), and observational learning (we watch our parents and friends suffer so we copy them).Slide27
Classical Conditioning
– Systematic Desensitization
(treats phobias) if you are afraid of snakes, start with worms, calm down, then graduate to having a snake in the next room, calm down, then look at pictures, calm down, then watch movies, calm down, then be in the same room, calm down, then get closer, calm
down
Anxiety HierarchySlide28
Classical/Operant Conditioning
– Counter Conditioning
OBJECTIVE: Associate a previously “bad” stimulus with positive reinforcement
Example:
Afraid of the dentist? What do you get at the end of every visit??Slide29
Classical Conditioning
– Aversive Conditioning
OBJECTIVE: Replace a previously “good” response to a harmful stimulus with a “bad” responseExamples:Antabuse
–
Alcoholics take pills that make them sick when they drink alcohol
Coyotes
are fed poisoned lamb meat so they will stop killing
sheep.
AKA ReconditioningSlide30
Classical Conditioning
Flooding – (treats phobias) if you are afraid of snakes, therapist will throw you in a pit of snakes
.AKA Exposure TherpaySlide31
Operant conditioning treatment
Token economy – Therapists will reward desirable behaviors with a reward system. This is usually applied to groups like hospital mental wards or classrooms or workplaces.
If you don’t kill anyone this week, I’ll give you a nickel. If everyone passes, we’ll have a pizza party.Slide32
Systematic
desensitization is a technique based on
a) classical conditioning b) instrumental conditioning c) operant conditioning
d) aversive conditioningSlide33
Antabuse
is a drug that, when paired with alcohol in the bloodstream, bring about extreme nausea. For many motivated alcoholics, this has proven to be an effective treatment. Under which umbrella of psychotherapy would it most likely be found?
a) insight therapy
b) aversive conditioning
c) Gestalt therapy
d) self-help therapySlide34
Humanistic Perspective of PsychologySlide35
Humanism
What is the root word of Humanism?
After years of psychoanalysts saying we are a bunch of id-driven animals and years of behaviorists studying rats in a cage, the Humanists came along in the 60s.Slide36
Who is Carl Rogers?Slide37
Famous
Humanists
Who is Carl Rogers? Carl Rogers was the founder of person-centered therapy, active listening
,
and unconditional
positive
regard.
No
judgments can be made! The environment must be loving and accepting if the client is to open up to
you.
Good
for patients with self-esteem issues.
The
patient/client has all the answers and the means to treat themselves. In
client-centered therapy
, the therapist acts as a sounding board for the patient, sometimes rephrasing what the patient says
(active or reflective
listening). Empathy
is important!Slide38
Abraham MaslowSlide39
Maslow’s hierarchy of needsSlide40
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
People cannot maximize their potential unless their more basic needs are met.
If a Japanese family’s home just got destroyed by the earthquake/tsunami,
can they focus on
their communication
skills?
If you are hungry, can you worry about your self esteem?Slide41
Which Simpsons character is at the bottom of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?Slide42Slide43
Which character has safety needs?Slide44Slide45
Who has love and belonging needs?Slide46Slide47
Who has esteem needs?Slide48Slide49
Are any Simpsons characters self actualizing? Slide50
Depends on the episode
The Simpsons aren’t real people, but in some episodes, Homer and Lisa are. Even Grandpa has his day.Slide51Slide52
2 Other Humanistic Theories
Gestalt Therapy – Fritz
PerlsIntegrate all actions, feelings, and thoughts into a harmonious wholeExistential – subjective meaning of life is what is importantSlide53
Humanistic Therapy
Humanists are really touchy-feely, but without them we are just rats in a cage.
Rogers and Maslow put the “human” element back into psychology and therapy.Their philosophy: We are all humans striving to maximize our potential. A therapist’s job is to remove obstacles to
self-actualization
.
FREE WILL MATTERS; NOT DETERMINISITC Slide54
Vic
is encouraged to take charge of the therapy session and his therapist uses an active listening approach to mirror back the feelings he hears from him. Which therapy is most likely being described?
a) client-centered therapy
b) cognitive therapy
c) psychodynamic therapy
d) existential therapySlide55
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing how the client/patient thinks.
It can be confrontationalThe therapist focuses on changing/fixing the irrational thoughts of the patient
Cognitive therapy also “educates” the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughtsSlide56
Cognitive Therapy
We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about stuff that happened a looong time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.Slide57
Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy
vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating
attitudes and assumptions; a confrontational therapyhttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhlWddAXSRA
Slide58
Rational Emotive Therapy: Ellis
A-B-C theory of dysfunctional behavior
A – Activating eventB – B
elief
C – emotional
C
onsequence based on that belief.Slide59
Example of Rational Thinking
A= fail a midterm examination
B=It’s unfortunate that I failed-I did not study hard enough and I must make sure that I study harder for the finalC=no consequences (no emotional disturbance)Slide60
Example Irrational Thinking: leads to Emotional Disturbance
A= Fail exam
B= I’m stupid, I’ll never be able to pass this course and I will fail this courseC=depressionSlide61
Ellis’ List of Common Irrational Ideas
I absolutely must have sincere love and approval almost all the time from all the significant people in my life
I must be thoroughly competent, adequate and achieving in all respects, or I must at least have real competence or talent at something important; otherwise I am worthless.
People who harm me or who do a bad thing are uniformly bad or wicked individuals, and I should severely blame, damn, and punish them for their sins and misdeedsSlide62
Ellis’ List of Common Irrational Ideas (continued)
When things do not go the way I would like them to go, life is awful, terrible, horrible, or catastrophic
Unhappiness is caused by external events over which I have almost no control. I also have little ability to control my feelings or rid myself of feelings of depression and hostility. Slide63
Rational Emotive Therapy
Identify patient’s irrational beliefs
Add “D” and “E” to A-B-C theoryTeach the patient to Dispute the beliefs and substitute logical and rational beliefs
Evaluate
the effects of disputing their irrational beliefsSlide64
CBT: Effective for Which Disorders?
Empirically supported treatment for
DepressionGeneralized anxiety disorderObsessive compulsive disorderPanic disorderSlide65
Group TherapySlide66
Group Therapy
Is cheap, effective. (only 1 professional is needed)
It allows people to gain insight into their own behaviors and thoughtsPeople don’t feel like they are the only one with their problem; they can witness the therapist treat others with similar problems.You can cure yourself while curing others.Slide67
All
of the following are potential benefits of group therapy EXCEPT
a) it is often more economical than 1:1 treatment
b) it does not require the services of a mental health professional
c) clients with similar problems can provide helpful insight and feedback to peers
d) group members can see how their problems might impact othersSlide68
How Is the Biomedical
Approach Used to
Treat Mental Disorders?
Biomedical therapies seek to treat mental disorders by changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs, its circuitry with surgery, or its patterns of activity with pulses of electricity or powerful magnetic fieldsSlide69
Drug Therapy
Antipsychotic drugs
alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia; Examples:Thorazine, Clozapine many work by blocking dopamine receptor sitescan produce sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson’s diseaseSlide70
Drug Therapy
Psychopharmacology
–
The prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that individuals are more receptive to talk therapiesSlide71
Drug Therapy
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
Include Prozac, monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, and lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar disorder)Treat depression and bipolar disorderUsually affect serotonin and/or norepinephrine
The use of antidepressants to deal with general feelings of unease is highly controversialSlide72
Drug Therapy
Antianxiety drugs
work by depressing central nervous system activityMost common side effect -
drowsiness
highly addictive, can be fatal when mixed with alcohol
sudden cessation after long-term use can result in severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, increased anxiety,
and in rare cases, death
Xanax, PaxilSlide73
Drug Therapy in ADHD
Stimulants suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
There is controversy from concern that the causes and boundaries of ADHD are vague and the potential exists for overdiagnosisSlide74
The
MOST commonly cited side effect associated with anti-anxiety drugs is
a) insomnia b) blurred vision c) drowsiness
d) tachycardia Slide75
Prozac
and other modern antidepressant medications work to
a) block dopamine receptors b) decrease the level of acetylcholine c) break down the MAO enzymes
d) block the reuptake of
serotoninSlide76
Valium
is
a) an antidepressant drug b) an MAO inhibitor c) an antipsychotic drug
d) an
antianxiety
drugSlide77
Andre
suffers from mood swings, alternating from wild episodes of euphoria and spending sprees to motionless staring and hopelessness. If someone from the biomedical approach were to treat his condition, the prescription most likely would be
a) Lithium carbonate
b)
Haldol
c)
Xanax
d)
ThorazineSlide78
Psychosurgery
Psychosurgery
–
The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
Severing
the corpus
callosum
can
reduce life-threatening seizuresSlide79
Brain-Stimulation Therapies
Electroconvulsive therapy is used for the treatment of severe depression
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, a possible alternative to ECT, can also be used for the treatment of depression,schizophrenia, and bipolar disorderSlide80
Matt enters therapy to talk about some issues that have been causing him distress. The therapist has earned a PhD and uses a variety of techniques to alleviate some of Matt’s distressing symptoms. Matt is most likely seeing a _____
Psychiatrist
Clinical psychologist
Psychiatric social worker
Clinical counselorSlide81
The aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to _____
Discover unconscious motives for behavior
Change the way people behave
Change the way people think and behave
Change people’s negative thinking patternsSlide82
Ann is suffering from depression and no psychological or drug therapies are working to alleviate her symptoms. The biomedical technique of ____ may be used as a last resort.
Flooding
Systematic desensitization
Electroconvulsive therapy
psychosurgerySlide83
Modern antidepressants, such as Prozac, work to block the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABASlide84
________ therapy does NOT use the services of a trained therapist.
Biomedical
Cognitive-behavioral
Behavioral
Humanistic
Self-helpSlide85
John is a 12-year-old who is having trouble dealing with his family’s relocation to a new city. He most likely first sees a ______
Psychiatrist
Counselor
Clinical psychologist
Registered nurse
Psychoanalyst