Agenda Do now take your homework out I will be collecting it make sure your name is on your paper Notes When you are finished with your notes take review sheet of terms and practice test to begin preparing for quest which will be during the 1 ID: 1046946
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1. Objective 2/27/17Provided interactive notes SWBAT analyze Kohlberg’s theory of developmentAgenda:Do now: take your homework out, I will be collecting it, make sure your name is on your paperNotes: When you are finished with your notes, take review sheet of terms, and practice test, to begin preparing for quest which will be during the 1st half of class Wednesday 3/1Review:
2. Introductory Psychology: Developmental PsychologyTopic: Gender Development: Sex vs. Gender
3. Sex vs. GenderSexThe two main categories in which humans & many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions- associated with being male or femaleFemale-2 x chromosomes (XX)Male- 1 x, 1y chromosomes (XY)
4. GenderGender - a socially constructed notion of what is feminine and what is masculineExpectations of one’s culture, the development of one’s personality & one’s sense of identify are all affected by the concept of gender
5. Gender Roles:Cultural expectations for behavior, including attitudes, actions & personality traitsWestern culture?Gender roles:Cultural expectations for behavior, including attitudes, actions & personality traitsWestern culture?Gender typingthe acquisition of a particular masculine or feminine roleGender identityGender identityThe individual’s sense of acquisition of a particular masculine or feminine roleInfluenced by both biological and environmental factors
6. Introductory Psychology: Developmental PsychologyTopic: Adolescence
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9. The Nature of Adolescence A “Carefree Time” versus G. Stanley Hall’s “Storm and Stress”Trends today?How is your adolescence different than my adolescence?How is your adolescence different than your parents adolescence?Cultural differences?
10. Part ONEAdolescence: Physical Development
11. Adolescence: Physical DevelopmentCharacteristics of the Teenage BrainVolume of white matter increases; significant growth of myelin sheathLeads to enhanced conductivity & connectivity in the brainVolume of gray matter decreases; synaptic pruningElimination of less-active synapsesMyelination & pruning are most pronounced in the frontal lobe/prefrontal cortex“Executive control center”Frontal lobe development lags behind the limbic system; not thought to be complete until the mid-20s
12. Adolescence: Physical DevelopmentSexual DevelopmentGrowth spurtGirls (age 10); boys (age 12)Puberty generally occurs (on average) two years after the initial growth spurtPubescence The two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical & sexual maturity take placeSecondary sex characteristics begin to develop during this period
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14. Adolescence: Physical DevelopmentPubertyThe onset of sexual maturation; marks the beginning of adolescence; lasts approximately 5 years Primary sex characteristics reach full maturity during this periodMenarche & SpermarcheGenerational differences in puberty?
15. Adolescence: Physical DevelopmentThe impact of puberty, especially early developers?Adolescent sexual activityApproximately ¾ of males and ½ females (between 15 and 19) have engaged in sexAverage: 16 and 17 for males & females respectivelyTeenage pregnancyRate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last 50 yearsHighest in U.S. of all industrialized nations
16. Part twoAdolescence: Cognitive Development
17. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Stage TheoryFormal Operational Characteristics of StageDue to the continuing maturation of the frontal lobes, abstract and hypothetical thinking become possible***Not all adolescents use their formal operational thought processes equally well…
18. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentCharacteristics of Adolescent ThoughtIntrospectionHypocrisy Personal Fable (form of egocentrism) Type of thought common to most adolescentsThe belief that they (+ their experiences) are unique and therefore, they are protected from harm/invulnerable“You just don’t understand me, I’m different from you!”“It can’t happen to me, I’m special!”
19. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentCharacteristics of Adolescent ThoughtImaginary Audience (form of egocentrism)Type of thought common to most adolescentsThe belief that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts & characteristics as they themselves are
20. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentMoral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1973)As with all developmental stage theories, the sequence is unvarying PreconventionalConventionalPostconventional Adolescents & adults can be found in all 3 levels
21. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentPreconventional Typical of very young childrenFocused on self-interest; consequences determine moralityObey rules to: (1) avoid punishment or (2) gain concrete awardsEXAMPLEA child who steals a toy from another child & DOES NOT get caught does not see that action as wrong(A: Punishment-Avoidance & Obedience)(B: Exchange of Favors)
22. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentConventionalTypical of older children, adolescents & most adultsConformity is right; nonconformity is wrongOne upholds the law simply because it’s the lawEXAMPLEA child criticizes his or her parent for speeding because speeding is against the law(C: Good Boy/Good Girl)(D: Law and Order)
23. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentPostconventional(About 20% of the adult population)Moral principles determined by the individual; may disagree with societal normsActions are judged “right” because they come from self-defined, basic ethical principlesEXAMPLEA reporter who wrote a controversial story goes to jail rather than reveal the source’s identity(E: Social Contract)(F: Universal Ethical Principle)
24. Adolescence: Cognitive DevelopmentCriticisms of Kohlberg’s Stage TheoryCarole Gilligan (1982)Male-oriented; used only males in his study; proposed that men & women have different perspectives on moralityMen: actions that lead to a fair or just endWomen: actions that are nonviolent & hurt the fewest peopleBiased against collectivist societies such as China and IndiaKohlberg’s methods?
25. Part threeAdolescence: Psychosocial Development
26. Adolescence: Psychosocial DevelopmentErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage TheoryIdentity versus Role Confusion (Stage 5)The premier challenge of adolescence is the struggle to form a clear sense of identity Stable concept of oneself as a unique individual Adoption of values that provide a sense of direction“Who am I?”“Where am I going in life?”Recognized that this struggle often extends beyond adolescence
27. CRISISPresentAbsentCOMMITTMENT PresentIdentity AchievementSuccessful achievement of a sense of identityIdentity ForeclosureUnquestioning adoption of parental or societal valuesAbsentIdentity MoratoriumActive struggling for a sense of identityIdentity DiffusionAbsence of struggle for identity, with no obvious concern about itJames Marcia: Identity Statuses
28. Adolescence: Psychosocial DevelopmentJeffrey Arnett, Emerging AdulthoodA new transitional period?Ages 18-25; attributed to a variety of demographic trendsLength of education; delay of education; delay of parenthood; increasing barriers to financial independenceCharacteristicsExploration and instability A feeling of “in-betweenness” “Age of possibilities”(Identity formation well into young-adulthood)
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30. AP Psychology: unit IIIIntroductory Psychology: Developmental PsychologyTopic: Adulthood Q: How old does a person have to be before you think of him or her as old?A: The average 18-29 year old says 67. The average person 60+ says 76.
31. Part oneAdulthood: Physical Development
32. Adulthood: Physical DevelopmentYoung Adulthood(20s-30s)Physical abilities (strength, reaction time, cardiac output, etc.) peak by the mid-twentiesAll down hill after that…Just kidding..!
33. Adulthood: Physical DevelopmentMiddle Adulthood (40s-60s)Physical decline acceleratesAttributable to age or activity level?DECLINE IN FERTILITYPerimenopause (average age: 40s)Estrogen levels decreases; uterus gets smaller; hot flashesMenopause (average age: 51)Cessation of menstrual cycle; no more babies…Andropause (in men…)Gradual decline of testosterone, sperm count, sexual functioning, etc. (Men rarely lose all reproductive ability…)
34. Adulthood: Physical DevelopmentLate Adulthood (60s+)Life expectancy…on the rise?Stopping point?Sensory abilitiesVision, smell & hearing tend to decline after age 70HealthMore susceptible to life-threatening ailmentsLess susceptible to short-term ailmentsBrainNeural processing slows; loss of brain cells; atrophy of frontal lobe and areas important to memory
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36. Sensory Abilities
37. Neural processing slows; reaction time decreases
38. Part twoAdulthood: Cognitive Development
39. Adulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentMemoryRecall v. recognitionRecall declines with age; recognition remains stableAlso dependent on the type of information
40. Adulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentIntelligenceFluid intelligenceBasic reasoning, memory capacity & the speed of information processingDecreases (slowly; age 75; age 85)Crystallized intelligenceAccumulated knowledge (vocabulary & analogy tests)Increases (up to old age)
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42. What does this mean?
43. Part THREEAdulthood: Psychosocial DevelopmentAre the elderly more negative than the youthful?
44. Adulthood: Psychosocial DevelopmentSocial ClockThe culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement, etc.Marks life transitionsDoes the midlife crisis really exist??
45. Adulthood: Psychosocial DevelopmentErikson’s “Adult” Stages (Stages 6-8)Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus IsolationMiddle Adulthood: Generativity versus StagnationLate Adulthood: Integrity versus Despair
46. Adulthood: Psychosocial DevelopmentAccording to Erikson, our adult lives are dominated by two major factors…(Crises of Stages 6 & 7)IntimacyMarriage trends?Under what circumstances do marriages stand the best chance?Age, education, cohabitation…Children & marriageGenerativity Important to find a career that provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment
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48. Adulthood: Psychosocial DevelopmentElizabeth Kubler-Ross Death and DyingDenialAnger BargainingDepression Acceptance**Research on grief and bereavement DOES NOT support such predictable stagesGuidelines?