Amenity Horticulture Hort 253 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Amenity HorticultureHort 253

L.

Atuah

(

Ph.D

)

Slide2

Outline

Amenity horticulture- what it is and its relevance

Challenges in amenity horticulture and the way

forward

Plants in the landscape

Plant use – functional and aesthetic

Maintaining amenity plants

Some plant disorders and their treatments

Slide3

Amenity Horticulture – what it is and its relevance

It can be referred to as landscape horticulture or

environmental horticulture.

The term landscape commonly refers to the

appearance of the land, including its shapes, texture

and colours. It also reflects the way in which their

various components combine to create specific

patterns and pictures that are distinctive to particular

localities.

Slide4

Amenity Horticulture – what it is and its relevance

The landscape or the natural environment has gone

through various modifications which are man made.

Amenity horticulture therefore refers to the use of

plants in the landscape to effect aesthetic patterns,

enhancing comfort and pleasantness.

The plants may also serve other functional purposes

like checking erosion, screening etc.

Slide5

Amenity Horticulture – what it is and its relevance

Amenity horticulture is therefore applied in such a

way that it reflects the set of priorities of the users of

a particular environ.

Multi-professional collaboration is required to

produce the cohesion needed in our

landscapes/environs.

Name professionals that will be needed for such

collaboration and briefly explain why?

Slide6

Challenges in Amenity Horticulture

General challenges: Vandalism, litter, poisonous plants,

hideouts for ‘bad people’, timeliness in keeping

maintenance schedule.

Challenges peculiar to Ghana – name as many as you

can think of.

Slide7

Amenity horticulture in Ghana- The way forward

Education

Legislation

More research on ornamental plants and the

environment (implying provision of funds)

Re-organising the department of Parks and Gardens

Innovative ideas like an award for Ghana’s most

beautiful suburb etc.

Slide8

Plants in the landscape

The plants in the landscape can be categorised. They

may be either of the following;

Trees

Shrubs

Herbaceous perennials

Grasses and creeping plants/ground covers

Climbers

Bromeliads

Ferns

Cacti and succulents

Water plants

Slide9

Plants in the landscape

Plantings in the landscape may either be formal or

informal.

Trees: The four main groupings of trees are namely,

foliage trees, flowering trees, conifers and palms.

Some examples are enlisted in later slides.

Slide10

Foliage Trees

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Ficus benjamina

Azadirachta indica

Pithecellobium saman

Michelia champaca

 

Ravenala madagascariensis

Weeping fig

Neem

Rain Tree

Champac

 

Traveller’s Tree

Weeping spreading tree

Upright spreading tree

Spreading tree

Medium size erect and

Pyramidal tree

Erect fan shaped plant

Slide11

Flowering Trees

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Cassia fistula

Cassia nodosa

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Poinciana regia

Plumeria alba

Golden shower

Pink shower tree

Queen flower

Flamboyante

Frangipani, Forget-me-not

Pendulous yellow flowers

Pink flowers

Showy purple flowers

Large scarlet flowers

White flowers

Slide12

Conifers & Pines

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Araucaria heterophylla

Araucaria bidwilli

Cupressus Sp

Thuja orientalis

Casuarina equisetifolia

Norfolk Island Pine

Bunyan bunyan

Cupressus

Thuja

Whistling pine

Pyramidal evergreen

Spiny evergreen

Bushy and dense

Dense busy pyramidal tree

 Needle-like leaves

Slide13

Palms

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Roystonea regia

 

Cocos nucifera

Caryota urens

Washingtonia filifera

Royal palm

 

Coconut palm

Toddy Palm

There are both tall and

dwarf varieties

Tall and dwarf varieties

Erect tree with spiral

leaves

Slide14

Shrubs

A shrub may be distinguished from a tree by

the fact

that it is bushy and mostly multi-stemmed (i.e.

woody,

a plant smaller than a tree and with several woody stems). Shrubs are usually divided into two groups - flowering and foliage. They are grown in the landscape individually as specimen plants or in groups for shelter belt, hedges, bedding plants or in shrubberies.

Slide15

Examples of shrubs

Flowering shrub:

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Acalypha hispida

Allamanda cathartica

Bougainvillea glabra

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Ixora duffi

Monkey tail/red fingers

Allamanda

Purple bougainvillea

Hibiscus/Rose of China

 Double red ixora

Slender long flowers

Yellow trumpet shape

flowers

Has thorns and is a

climber

Different kinds exists; red,

yellow, pink flowers

Large heads of crimson flowers

Slide16

Foliage shrubs

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Acalypha willinckii

Acalypha wilkesiana

Breynia nivosa

 

Pseuderanthemum

atropurpureum

Polyscias

spp.

Variegated acalypha

Acalypha tricolor

Ice plant/snow plant

 

Purple eranthemum

Panax

Has heart-shaped leaves

Brown leaves blotched with

red

Terminal leaves are

variegated white

Has purple leaves

Several kinds exist

Slide17

Herbaceous perennial

These are perennial herbaceous plants which are

either grown for their flowers or foliage. They include

bulbous, tuberous and rhizomatous plants.

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Anthurium andreanum

Canna spp

 

Gerbera jamesonii

 

Heliconia bihai

Pentas parviflora

Anthurium lily

Canna lily

 

Barberton daisy

 

Lobster claw

Red Pentas/flaming Katie

Bears large waxy scarlet

flower

Numerous varieties with

different colours

When well irrigated it

continue to flower

throughout the year

Bears yellow bracts

Cannot withstand drought

Slide18

Climbers

Climbing plants consist of both perennial woody,

herbaceous plants and annuals.

These plants have various devices for climbing which

include tendrils, twining stem, root-like holdfasts and

drooping or rumbling over a support.

Since most climbing plants grow vigorously and

consequently carry a lot of vegetation, stakes or

supports used must be sufficiently strong.

Slide19

Climbers

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Monstera deliciosa

Scindapsus aureus

Thunbergia alata

Ficus pumila

 

Petrea volubilis

Ceriman

Scindapsus

Black-eyed Susan

Creeping fig

 

Purple wreath

Has perforated leaves

Quick growing

Yellow funnel shaped

flowers

Very useful for covering

bare walls

Has brittle papery leaves

Slide20

Grasses and ground covers

Turf grasses perform the function of ground cover

plants. They are grown mainly in lawns, playing fields

etc.

Ground cover plants are very useful on slopes,

irregular surfaces and in rocky areas where mowing

of grass is not possible.

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Chrysopogon aciculatus

 

Axonopus compressus

Cynodon dactylon

Setcreasea purpurea

 

Tribulus cistoides

Love grass/Tafo grass

 

Carpet grass

Bermuda grass

Purple heart

 

Tribulus

Grows in full sun and semi-

shade

full sun and semi-shade

Does not thrive under shade

Violet flowers open in the

morning closes by afternoon

Very showy yellow flowers

Slide21

Ferns

Ferns belong to a group of plants which produce

pores instead of flowers and seeds.

The spores are found on the fronds, usually beneath.

Suitable conditions for growth and development;

damp semi-shaded conditions with protection from

wind.

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Adiantum capillus-veneris

Nephrolepis exaltata

Asparagus plumosus

 

Asparagus sprengeri

Maidenhair fern

Sword fern

Asparagus fern

 

Asparagus fern

Cannot recover once

wilted

Fronds are erect and stiff

Fern-like with need-like

branchlets

Can grow both in full sun

and semi-shade

Slide22

Cacti and Succulents

These plants can withstand a considerable amount of neglect.

This is possible because of their resistance to drought, dry,

hot and difficult conditions.

Cacti has adaptive features to cut down on loss of water

through transpiration. These are thickened stems and

spines which are modified leaves.

The fleshy nature of succulents allow for maximum

retention of moisture. Transpiration is further reduced by a

thin wax coating or woolly hairs plant parts.

Slide23

Cacti and succulents

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Agave americana

 

Euphorbia splendens

 

Kalanchoe

blossfeldiana

Rhoeo discolor

Sansevieria trifasciata

laurentii

Century plant

 

Christ’s Thorn

 Flaming Katy

Lady-in-boat/Moses in the

cradle

 

Mother-in-law tongue

Spreading plant with a large

rosette of thick and stiff leaves.

Sparsely foliaged with spiny

stem.

Erect house plant bears

clusters of scarlet flowers.

Succulent leaves which are

glossy purple beneath and

green above.

Erect cylindrical pointed leaves.

Slide24

Water plants

Three general groups of water plants;

Those which grow entirely beneath water, those which

have their roots and stem beneath water surface, those

with their roots growing in water and stems and leave

above water surface.

Scientific name

Common name

Some characteristics

Nymphaea spp

 

Pistia stratiotes

 

Thalia dealbata

 

Water lilies

 

Water lettuce

 

Water Canna

Waxy leaf surface with

closely set minute hairs

Floating plant preferring

shallow waters

Floating and bears small

dull violet flowers

Slide25

Plant use

Avenue plants – Trees with clear trunks (allowing for

people to walk under) is ideal. The trees must have

aggressive root systems, should not have brittle branches

and not be messy (by way of leaf and seed drop). The roots

must have deep root system to afford good anchorage.

Specimen plants – Plants with unique characteristics. They

should be sufficiently attractive to stand alone.

Hedge – Plants (especially shrubs) grown with close spacing

and trained in such a way to make a barrier or mark a

boundary.

Slide26

House plants – they are plants which can be expected

to live permanently under room conditions.

Slide27

Plant Use – functional and aesthetics

Trees

Avenue plantings

Provision of shade

Specimen

Noise control

Pollution control

Wind breaks

Slide28

Plant use

Shrubs:

Hedge

Median planting to reduce headlamp glares

Potted plant

Bedding plant

Border plant

Slide29

Herbaceous perennial

Beds

Borders

Establishing an avenue:

In avenue planting there should be a layout and design and

the following should be considered:

Length

If an avenue leads from one definite point to another, its

length is automatically defined.

In other cases, the length should be decided in the light

of certain guiding factors including the following:

Slide30

If too long, an avenue tends to become monotonous.

If very long, care must be taken to ensure that it is not too

narrow, in which case it will tend to shrink to vanishing

point before the end of it is seen.

If a very long avenue is made too wide, in order to avoid

the last pitfall (shrinkage), the trees of which it is composed

will appear to be dwarfed.

Avenues should not normally be more than one-half to

three-quarters of a mile in length if the above points are to

be avoided.

Slide31

It is difficult to lay down the exact width of an avenue. The

habit of the species planted: large crown trees need more

space than those with narrow crown.

The table below can be used as a guide

The length of the avenue: long avenues should be rather

wider than those of shorter length.

Length of avenue (m)

Width of avenue (m)

91

91-182

182-365

365-548

548-640

640-751

9

12

15

18

21

24

Slide32

The number of rows of trees of which the avenue is

composed: an avenue of two single rows should be rather

narrower than one with two double rows.

City conditions are often unfavourable for tree growth and

species must be selected which can tolerate air pollution,

dry conditions, glare from pavements etc.

Suitable trees should be planted far enough from the kerb

to allow them to spread without too much pruning. They

should be kept clear of overhead wires and underground

services.

Slide33

Discuss how a tree can be planted (Steps involved)

Trees in car parks

The task of accommodating trees within a car park is not always

straightforward as it may seem. The challenge on site a car park;

are usually hard surface, dry conditions, lack of air and the

intensity of the light which is thrown up from the ground to the

tree.

This can result in leaf scorch and abnormal transpiration rate.

Vehicles may damage trees by reversing into them and tree

roots can be poisoned if fuel run-off gets into the water supply.

Slide34

To avoid the afore mentioned hazards it is usually

suggested trees in car parks be planted between

raised kerbs or in elevated boxes.

Hazard fencing at bumper height can go some way

to meeting practicalities but the careful siting of trees

in relation to the overall car park design gives the

best solution.

In tree selection, the tree should be able to withstand

pollution.

Slide35

Hedges

Essentials required are a shovel, rope/string, tape measure,

stakes/pegs, compost, spray paint (optional).

If a really dense and bushy hedge from ground upwards, it

is advisable to plant young small plants. The result of using

large plants can often be that the hedge is rather gappy at

the base.

Soil preparation:

Prepare the ground by digging over a strip 60-90cm wide

and one spade blade deep.

Remove all weeds if a weedkiller has not been used before

hand.

Slide36

Hedges

Add organic matter such as garden compost, spread it over

the soil and mix in top 25 cm of soil with a fork.

You may also mix in a general purpose fertilizer.

Planting

Planting distances vary from 30-60 cm, depending on the

plants’ final size, the size of hedge required and plant vigour.

For hedges thicker than 90 plant a staggered double row

45 cm apart with plants 90 cm apart.

Trim back damaged roots to healthy growth with a sharp

knife.

Slide37

Hedges

Spread out the roots, ensuring the planting depth is correct

(note that the previous soil mark on the stem indicates how

deeply the plants were grown in the nursery).

Work soil between the roots, firm plants in so that soil is in

close contact with the roots. Then water.

Mulch to a depth of 7.5cm after planting to prevent weeds.

Why will one plant a hedge?

What kind of plants are recommended for median planting?

Slide38

Planting beds and borders

These are plants which are grown in beds and borders to give

color to a landscape environment. They include annuals, biennials,

herbaceous perennials, ferns, fern-like plants, orchids, cacti and

succulents and shrubs.

Beds stand as an island of selected flowering plants.

They could take any shape especially geometric shapes; square,

oval etc. If the bed is sited in a lawn you will have to be careful

your chosen shape will not hamper mowing of the grass.

If you plan a large bed you will have to make provision for access

in order to facilitate maintenance.

Slide39

Beds and Borders

Beds should be viewable from different angles.

Borders- They are planted against a wall or hedge.

The plants in a border will therefore be affected by shadow

from the wall, possible reduced impact of rain.

Take into consideration the backdrop when planning the

colour scheme of the border.

Be aware also of the fact that maintenance works on the

wall or hedge can affect the plantings in the border.

How can you establish a bed; square and circular shape?

Slide40

Lawn (Turf) establishment

Lawn: A smooth layer of land covered with turf.

Turf: A ground cover of grass which is kept mown and

which will stand a reasonable amount of traffic.

Verge: A narrow strip of turf between beds, paths, walls etc.

Preparations involved:

Soil preparation is essential to ensure there is quick

establishment of uniform turf. The goal is to create a fertile

homogeneous root zone with acceptable infiltration,

aeration and drainage.

Slide41

Lawn (turf) establishment

Depending upon the scope of the project advance planning

may be of relatively little or of very great importance.

In general turf can be established from seeds or vegetatively.

This could be by sodding, plugging, stolonizing and sprigging.

Sodding:

The process of installing mature turf in large or

small sheets, as opposed to spreading seed or sprigs over a

prepared area of bare soil.

Sod is established turf that is harvested with roots and soil

attached and transplanted from its place of origin and

installed like carpeting to grow in another place.

Slide42

Sodding is the most expensive method of turf establishment

but produces an established turf within hours rather than

weeks or months.

The only maintenance required during the early weeks of

establishment is daily watering when there are no rains.

Sod is bought from a farm in the form of rectangular pieces

or as long rolled strips.

Stolonizing

: Every bud on a stolon can potentially become

a new plant.

Many tropical turf-grass do not produce viable seeds.

Stolonizing is therefore one of the methods for

establishment of turf.

Slide43

Sprigging:

The process of vegetatively establishing turf

grass by spreading rhizomes or stolon over a prepared

seed bed and pressing them into the soil.

It is a modification of stolonizing. It involves placing stolons

in narrows spaced 15 to 20cm apart and manually covered.

15 to 20% of the stolon should extend above the surface.

The advantage over stolonizing is less risk of desiccation.

The disadvantage is high labour cost.

Plugging: Small (5 to 10 cm) diameter pieces of sod are

transplanted into a prepared area 15 to 35 cm apart.

Slide44

Site preparation

This is the same irrespective of the method adapted for establishment

.

Steps: Debris removal

Elimination of existing vegetation and preventive weed control. An ideal herbicide/weedicide

translocates

through and kills the entire plant without leaving a harmful residue in the soil.

Slide45

Glyphosate

known commonly as

Kleenup

or Roundup will kill both annual and perennial weeds.

Weeds also can be removed by digging

.

Levelling – This involves changing the slope of the area into an even gradient. This can be adequately worked on from the subsoil before spreading the top soil.

Slide46

Soil amending – Depending on the soil condition of the topsoil soil amending may be needed to improve drainage, fertility or

pH.

Surface preparation – The surface on which the seed is to be sown should be free of clods and form a

tilth

. A light raking will remove remaining clods and provide the final surface.

Slide47

Information

on seed germination rate and purity must be noted

.

Seed rate – Generally package directions are the best source of information on seeding rate.

Slide48

For heavy seeding may be done but it have some

disadvantages. There will be quick results but it will

be under over crowded conditions and weaker

seedlings will be weeded out by stronger ones which

will eventually form a stand of plants equal to that

which would have been formed naturally at a lower

rate.

Seeding Techniques: For large areas Mechanical

methods should be adopted.

Slide49

Maintaining amenity plants

Trees

Shrubs

Grasses

This may involve the following:

Pruning

Watering

Mulching

Shading

Removal of Competition/Weed Control.

Staking

Fertilization

Slide50

Maintaining amenity plants

The general principles for pruning trees and shrubs will be

considered.

Pruning is the removal of plant parts on purpose to enhance

growth and maintain the usefulness of the plant.

Pruning tools:

Examples of hand pruners – Pruning saw, hedge shears,

hand pruners, lopping shears.

Purpose for pruning:

Size control

Health improvement

Appearance improvement

Slide51

Pruning young trees:

This implies pruning at transplanting and within the first few

years after transplanting.

(why may pruning be a requirement at transplanting)

During the first few years of transplanting the plant

develops the main branches which will form the support

structure for the foliage.

Pruning directs the growth of those branches in order to

create a strong tree.

What is a strong tree?

Slide52

Look out at the early stages of plant development for

double leaders and remove them.

Most trees have a ‘central leader’ but a occasionally two

leaders develop causing a fork.

If the weaker of the two lead branches is not removed, it

poses a potential cause for damaging of the tree trunk with

time.

As each leader increases in diameter, it exerts pressure

against the other at the base and this can cause eventual

splitting.

Slide53

Selection of scaffold branching.

The lateral branches along the main stem is referred to as

scaffold branches.

It is best to control the extent of branches in the initial

stages of development of a tree. It is best if they are widely

spaced and evenly along the trunk.

Pruning mature trees:

A tree that was properly pruned when young should need

little pruning when mature.

Three-cut pruning method is adopted fpr removing large

branches/limb

Slide54

Mature branches are usually heavy and easily break and rip off tree back if being sawed off by one cut.

The three-cut pruning:

1

st

cut is made under the branch about 30 cm away from the trunk and goes halfway through the branch.

The 2

nd

cut is made about 8 cm away from the 1

st

cut from the top of the branch. This is cut through.

The 3

rd

cut removes

the stub.

Slide55

Note

Some trees may naturally not have a central leader and it will be a mistake to prune to have one.

Pruning of such trees may involve only

desuckering

and removal of crossing and inward-growing branches.

Pruning shrubs:- This involves;

Thinning

Heading

back

Renewal

Pruning

Slide56

Shrubs are multi-stemmed coming out from the basal portions of the plant. With time as they grow by increasing in height and number of stems there will be the need to thin.

This is because as the older stems age and lengthen, they have the tendency to shade out the bottom foliage.

This results in the shrub becoming bare at the base.

Thinning consists of removing the oldest stems at ground level. This shortens the shrub and encourages new shoots to grow from the roots and refoliate the bottom.

Slide57

Heading back:-

This consist of cutting twigs or small branches to just before/above an outward pointing bud.

It encourages new growth to develop outward and eliminate crossing branches.

Slide58

Heading Back

Slide59

Renewal pruning

Used to rejuvenate and shorten over grown shrubs.

Where branches are cut back they are reduced to stubs 5 - 8 cm long.

Renewal pruning involves thinning techniques as well as cutting back.

It a drastic measure which will make the plant unsightly in the first two years.

Slide60

Slide61

Pruning hedges

What is a hedge?

(Recall)

Hedges can be classified as formal and natural (informal).

Pruning of a natural hedge/shelter belt is same as pruning a shrub i.e. thinning and heading back.

Formal hedges require frequent pruning to maintain a neat appearance.

What is important is the selection of the correct hedge shape.

Slide62

Hedge shapes

Slide63

Mowing

Sound mowing is perhaps the single most important factor

contributing to the attractiveness and longevity of any turf-

grass area.

The height of cut is important. The height to which a given

grass can be mowed is directly related to its ability to

produce enough leaves and to keep up with production of

carbohydrates.

Some creeping grasses with fine leaves, such as cynodon

and zoysia, when properly fertilised and watered, are able

to produce adequate leaf surface at very low mowing

heights.

Slide64

It has been determined that removal of more than

one-third of total leaf area results in severe

physiological shock.

With this in mind, only the growth rate will determine

the mowing frequency.

Mowing equipment:

There are a number of mower types. The most

accurate are the reel mowers (cylinder mowers),

rotary mowers are intermediate and sickle-bar

mowers are the least.

Slide65

The proper choice of mowing equipment depends on

the type of grass and the conditions of usage and

maintenance.

For high-quality sport or recreational areas, reel

mowers are recommended for cutting.

They provide a clean even cut and leave the turf

looking the most attractive.

Rotary mower should be used where perfect

appearance is not necessary. And where ease of

operation, maintenance and price are of significant

concern.

Slide66

Sickle bar mowers are the simplest and roughest. They are

used mainly across road side and other areas where turf

appearance is of secondary concern.

Reel mowers:

A reel mower consists of a horizontal rotating cylinder, the

reel, with attached blade and stationary bed knife, which is

parallel to the ground.

The reel usually bears between 3 and 7 blades, and the

width of the mower usually ranges from 50 to 80 cm

depending on the model.

Slide67

Rotary mowers:

The blade of a rotary mower is usually a single

sharpened metal bar suspended parallel to the

ground at its centre point.

It spins in a horizontal plane, striking and severing

vertically growing leaf blades.

They do not provide an even cut and they cause

certain amount of mutilation at the point of impact.

Slide68

Mower operations

Mowing should be done only when the grass is dry.

This is because the mower is less likely to clog with soggy

clippings.

Secondly grass blades are more susceptible to disease

invasion through the cut surface when wet.

It is important to sharpen mower blades often. A clean cut

minimises the damaged area and reduces tip browning of

the blades.

It also decreases moisture loss and eliminates bruised

blades which are a site for disease entry.

Slide69

Some plant disorders

A key to determining the kind of disorder is to know the

cause of it.

The cause may be attributed to either a parasitic organism

or an environmental condition.

Examples of parasites:

Rodents, insects and microorganisms such as bacteria and

fungi.

Examples of environmental conditions:

Heat, drought, pollution etc.

Slide70

There are some disorders that may be as a result of deficiencies or

toxicities. This may result in manifest the manifestation of certain

symptoms depending on the nutrient element that is lacking or in toxic

levels.

Note that symptoms are first seen in the oldest leaves when the

nutrient element can be easily moved about the plant.

In deficiency, the small supply is shunted to areas of growth in an

attempt by the plant to complete the life cycle.

Symptoms are first seen in the youngest leaves when the element in

poor supply is held firmly where it was first used.

Slide71

Deficiencies may often result in stunted growth and

off-colour leaves.

Other causes of stunted growth may be;

Waterlogging, salinity, drought, disease eg root rot,

insects, viruses.

Too much or too little light

Wrong day-length

Toxins in medium

Slide72

Problem

Symptoms

Pests

Symptoms

Caterpillars Parts of leaves eaten away.

Borers Borrow into stems, underneath

part of leaf eaten away whiles top

remains untouched.

Leaf miners Scribble-like patterns on leaves.

Grasshoppers Large portions of leaves eaten.

Aphids Disfigurement of leaves and buds.

Mealy bugs Raised spots or dots on leaves, leaves drop.

Nematodes Yellowing, general lack of vigour, roots

knotted. Death of irregular sections of

leaves and spotting.

Slide73

a. Fungi caused:

Wilt Entire or a section of plant wilts and

cannot recover even after watering.

Leaf spot Spots (concentric rings with dark centre)

appear on foliage and sometimes on

stems and flowers spreading to cover all other

parts. Spots reduce photosynthetic area of leaves

and plant may dies.

Blight Quick wilting and death of young and

growing tissues such as flowers and twig.

Rust Reddish-brown spots on foliage and

stems.

Slide74

Virus caused:

Curly top Twisting, distorted

foliage.

Mosaic Mottled light and dark

areas on foliage.

Slide75

Plant (disorder) disease control

If the plant is diseased, the control may be both cultural and

chemical and understanding of both is essential to restoring

and maintaining plant health.

Cultural control:

Watering

Sanitation

Pruning

Roguing

Crop Rotation

Resistant Varieties and species