1 Using Greeks and Greek Ratios To Enhance Your Trading Returns - PowerPoint Presentation

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1 Using Greeks and Greek Ratios To Enhance Your Trading Returns - PPT Presentation

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Slide1

Using Greeks and Greek Ratios To Enhance Your Trading Returns

www.optionstradingiq.com

Slide2

SESSION 1 - RECAP

Slide3

OUTLINE

Slide4

MY TRADING

Slide5

THE BAD – GOOG SEPT 2012

Slide6

Slide7

THE UGLY – NDX JULY 2013

Slide8

Slide9

Delta

Delta:

Delta is the option's sensitivity to changes in the underlying stock price. It measures the expected price change of the option given a $1 change in the underlying.

Slide10

Delta

Slide11

Delta

As an option goes

further in the money, the likelihood that it will expire in the money increases. Therefore, the delta increases.

Let’s look as an example:

Slide12

Slide13

Delta

As expiration approaches, the stock will have less chance to move above or below the strike price.

In-the-money options will rapidly approach 1 (calls) and -1 (puts) as expiration approaches.

Out-of-the money options will rapidly approach 0 as expiration approaches

Slide14

Gamma

Gamma:

The gamma metric is the sensitivity of the delta to changes in price of the underlying asset. Gamma measures the change in the delta for a $1 change in the underlying.

Gamma is delta’s ugly cousin. Not many beginners pay attention to gamma, and it can do serious damage to a portfolio

Slide15

Gamma

If delta is the “speed” at which option prices change, you can think of gamma as the “acceleration.”

Options with the highest gamma are the most responsive to changes in the price of the underlying stock.

High Gamma = Big changes in P&L!

Slide16

Gamma

High gamma can be a good thing or a bad thing.

Positive gamma is good if you get a big move (gains accelerate exponentially).

Negative gamma is bad if you get a big move (losses accelerate exponentially).

Some may have experienced this with condors that start moving against you.

Slide17

Gamma

Gamma is highest close to expiry. You may have noticed this if you have traded weekly options.

They call the last week of an options life “gamma week”.

Options have a very high price sensitivity when gamma is high.

Slide18

Gamma

Slide19

Gamma Scalping

Gamma Scalping is a technique used by market makers and other professional traders.

I’ll go in to this strategy in more detail later.

Gamma scalping requires traders to be well capitalized.

Traders also need to have a

very

good understanding of how option

greeks

work before undertaking this strategy.

Slide20

Vega

Vega:

Vega is the option's sensitivity to changes in implied volatility. A rise in implied volatility means a rise in option premiums, and so will increase the value of long calls and long puts. Vega increases with each expiration further out in time.

Slide21

Vega

Typically, as implied volatility increases, the value of options will increase. That’s because an increase in implied volatility suggests an increased range of potential movement for the stock.

Here is a theoretical example to demonstrate the idea. Let’s look at a stock priced at 50. Consider a 6-month call option with a strike price of 50:

If the implied volatility is 90, the option price is $12.50

If the implied volatility is 50, the option price is $7.25

If the implied volatility is 30, the option price is $4.50

Slide22

Rho

Rho is the amount an option will change based on a one percentage point change in interest rates.

Most traders ignore Rho. If you’re trading short-term options, changes in interest rates will not have much of an impact.

The only options that tend to be materially impacted by interest rates are LEAPs due to the change in the “cost of carry”.

Slide23

Greek Ratios

There is no single best way to trade options. Neither is there a best way to manage the

greeks

The important thing to understand is the WHY we should pay attention to Greek Ratios and why we set certain guidelines in terms of Greek Ratios.

Another point to emphasize is not to get too hung up on specific Greek Ratios. There usually has to be some level of judgement used but knowing some key ratios will help you know when to adjust and help avoid large losses.

Slide24

The Delta / Theta ratio is the most important Greek Ratio. It is literally the position Delta divided by Theta.

With options income trading, we are aiming to maximize Theta. We want time decay working in our favor.

If we want Theta to be the major driver in the trade, then we want Delta to be very low in proportion to Theta.

A high Delta / Theta ratio means price is the major factor in the trade rather than Theta.

Delta / Theta Ratio

Slide25

Delta / Theta Ratio

Greek Ratio guidelines will be different depending on the strategy and instrument traded.

For a typical RUT Iron Condor, you want adjust when the Delta / Theta Ratio gets to around 30%.

Again this is not a hard rule. Just know, that if you don’t adjust and the position continues to move against you, losses can accumulate very quickly.

Slide26

Looking at this position, you can see that the condor is no longer Delta Neutral as the market has moved up.

The Delta / Theta Ratio is 33%. Calculated as 38 / 115 = 33%

You could leave the position as is, but if the market rallies 1-2%, the position will start to be in real trouble.

Delta / Theta Ratio

Slide27

There are many, many adjustment techniques which I will go over in more detail shortly, but here is one possible scenario.

Close half of the contracts on the under pressure side.

The profit potential on the trade has been lowered, but our Delta / Theta ratio is back to 10% and the trade is much safer now.

Delta / Theta Ratio

Slide28

Before I move on to the Vega / Theta ratio I want to talk a bit about Delta Dollars.

Delta Dollars is calculated as Position Delta x Underlying Price.

E.g. -38 x 1251.65 = roughly -47,391

Delta Dollars

Slide29

Delta Dollars can tell you roughly how much a position can gain or lose depending on how much price moves. It’s not an exact science because of our old friend gamma, but this is the rough calculation.

Price move in percentage x Delta Dollars

E.g. for this position, if price moves up 1%, the position will lose:

1% x $47,391 = $473.91

Delta Dollars

Slide30

Similarly, if price moves down 1% the position will gain $473.91

If price moves up 2% the position will lose:

2% x -$47,391 = -$947.82

In actual fact the loss will be larger thanks to gamma as losses will

accelerate

as the position moves against us.

Note: this calculation assumes no change in volatility, time to expiry or any other variable other than price.

Delta Dollars

Slide31

Again, I’ll go over Delta Dollars in much more detail, but for now, start to be aware of this metric.

Rules can be developed to ensure your Delta Dollar exposure doesn’t get too large.

For example, I like to keep my Delta Dollar exposure less than 150% of my capital balance.

E.g. If your capital balance is $50,000, don’t let Delta Dollars get above plus or minus $75,000.

This will help you avoid blowing up your account.

Delta Dollars

Slide32

The Vega / Theta ratio is another important metric to keep an eye on.

When the ratio gets too high, volatility will have a big impact on your position.

We want Theta to be the major driver of our trades and portfolio.

If you have a lot of short Vega trades, like iron condors, your Vega / Theta ratio can be quite high.

Adding some long Vega trades can help bring the ratio back in to line.

Vega / Theta Ratio

Slide33

A good rule of thumb is to keep the Vega / Theta Ratio to less than 400%.

This will vary depending on the strategy, instrument and time to expiry.

In our condor example, the Vega / Theta ratio was 257% which is ok.

Vega / Theta Ratio

Slide34

Vega exposure increases as you go further out in time. Theta also decreases.

Therefore, longer term trades will have a much different Vega / Theta ratio.

For example, this 60 day iron condor has a Vega / Theta ratio of 571%.

Vega / Theta Ratio

Slide35

This 1 week iron condor has a much different ratio again.

Delta / Theta ratio is 13%.

Vega / Theta ratio is 68%

Both with in acceptable boundaries, but

don’t be fooled

, this is a very risky trade!

Look at Gamma at -11.

Vega / Theta Ratio

Slide36

The ratios we have looked at so far were all for positions in RUT.

But, the ratios will be different for different underlying instruments.

Look at this trade in GLD for example:

Delta / Theta = 270%

Vega / Theta = 2187%

Different Underlyings = Different Rules

Slide37

Get to know each underlying instrument that you trade and you will soon learn the ratios for each.

Also, keep an eye on Delta Dollars, you can use this to standardize your Delta exposure.

Different Underlyings = Different Rules

Slide38

As well as looking at the Greeks and Greek Ratios on individual positions, we can also look at them on the overall portfolio.

For example, let’s assume we have a number of positions open in RUT in various expiration dates.

We determine that our Delta Dollar exposure and Delta / Theta Ratio is too high. We could adjust some of the existing position, OR we could layer in another position that helps bring our exposure down.

Overall Portfolio

Slide39

Adding an SPX bull put spread, helps bring our Delta Dollar exposure back close to zero and our Greek Ratios are looking much better.

Before Adjustment

After Adjustment

Overall Portfolio

Slide40

NEXT SESSION – MY TWO FAVS

Slide41

THANK YOU!

www.optionstradingiq.com