Mrs Silver To provide for continuity of the species Contains necessary organs capable of the creation of new individuals Manufacture hormones necessary for development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics ID: 928622
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Slide1
Reproductive System
Health Science 1
Mrs.
Silver
Slide2To provide for continuity of the species
Contains necessary organs capable of the creation of new individuals
Manufacture hormones necessary for development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
Females –
estrogen and progesterone
Males -
testosterone
Slide3Male and female organs develop from the same embryonic cells.
For 2 months – the embryo develops without a sexual identity
After 2 months, influence of the X and Y chromosomes began
to
differentiate
Slide4Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System
Slide5Testes
Located within a pouch of skin called scrotum - external organ
Produce male gametes (
spermatozoa
)
Produce male sex hormone (
testosterone
)
Size of small egg
Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled seminiferous tubules (
sperm development)
In embryo, testes are formed in the abdomen and during the last 3 months of fetal development, they migrate into the scrotum.
Cryptorchidism
– failure of testes to descend
Could affect ability to produce mature sperm
Treat with surgery prior to puberty
Slide6Testosterone
Produced in testes
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics
Usually begins around age 12
Deeping of voice
Growth of hair (beard and body hair – axillary and pubic region)
Increased muscle mass
Thickening of bones of skeletal system
Begin producing mature sperm cells around age 14
Slide7Epididymis
Seminiferous tubules intertwine and join to form a small mesh-like network of tubules above the testes called the rete testis.
The rete testis unite to form the epididymis
Sperm are stored in the epididymis
Slide8Vas Deferens
Runs from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Serves as a passageway for sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct-
contains seminal vesicles
Secretions nourish sperm
Slide9Ejaculatory Duct
Connects the vas deferens with the urethra (dual role in males)
Excretion of urine and expel semen
Slide10Penis
Organ of copulation
Contains erectile tissue
End is covered by
foreskin
(often removed during circumcision)
Foreskin also know as the
prepuce
Slide11C:\Users\CTE\Documents\Health Sciences 1 - Robin\Circumcision Info.docx
Slide12Slide13Prostate Gland
Surrounds the beginning of the urethra
About the size and shape of a chestnut
Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that enhances viability and sperm motility and adds fluid to semen
Slide14Bulbourethral glands
Located on either side of the urethra, below the prostate gland
Adds more alkaline secretion to the semen that helps the sperm to live longer within the acid medium of the female reproductive tract
Slide15Erection and Ejaculation
During sexual arousal, nerve impulses cause the erectile tissue to engorge with blood in the penis.
Causes increase in size and becomes firm
blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile structures prohibiting venous return
Slide16Impulses then sent to ejaculatory center to cause orgasm.
Orgasm is result of muscular contractions from the vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and prostate glands.
Secretions stored in these structures along with the sperm are forcibly expelled through the urethra after which the engorgement subsides
Slide17Erectile Dysfunction
Known as
impotence
Inability to have or sustain an erection during intercourse
Primary –
never had an erection
Secondary
– has had ability in past
Transient
periods are common
incidence increases with age
Slide18Treatment depends on cause of dysfunction
Penile implants
Injection therapy
Oral medications
Slide19Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Enlarged prostate
Common after age 60
prostate clamps down on urethra
Irritable bladder – urinary frequency
Diagnosed by rectal exam, ultrasound and cystoscopy
Treated with prostatectomy, laser surgery
Sometimes no treatment
http://men.webmd.com/prostate-enlargement-bph/ss/slideshow-bph-overview
Slide20Prostate Cancer
Most common cancer in males over 50
Can be detected by blood test
Symptoms – frequency, dysuria, urgency,
nocturia
and sometimes hematuria
Treatment
Prostatectomy, radiation, chemo, nothing
http://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/ss/slideshow-prostate-cancer-overview
Slide21Testicular Cancer
http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/testicular-cancer-topic-overview
Slide22Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Testicular
self-examination
Testicular
self-examination is an examination of the testicles. The testicles (also called the testes) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. They are located in the scrotum under the penis.
Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing.
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Slide23Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Testicular
self-examination
1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle.
2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface.
3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle.
You may perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors:
•Family history of testicular cancer
•Past testicular tumor
•Undescended testicle
•You are a teenager or young adult
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Slide26The Reproductive Process
Conception
the process of becoming
pregnant (when the sperm and egg unite)
Known as fertilization
True fertilization (conception) occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell, known as a
zygote
See page 420-421
Infertility
When conception does not occur
Could be from damage to fallopian tube (female), low sperm count, hormonal imbalance
Slide27Infertility cont….
Treatment
Fertility drugs that promote ovulation by stimulating the hormones from the pituitary to prepare an egg or several eggs for ovulation each month
Possibility of multiple births
Artificial insemination
Concentrated dose of sperm is placed in the woman’s uterus or fallopian tube with a catheter
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination
Slide28Infertility cont….
Possible surgery if caused by blocked tubes, endometriosis, fibroids, genetic defects or ovarian cysts
Laparoscopy
Direct visualization of the abdominal cavity through a tube (laparoscope), usually placed through the navel.
Slide29In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Mature eggs are removed from ovaries using a needle inserted through vaginal wall or by laparoscopy.
Eggs are combined with sperm
When egg is fertilized, it is placed into the uterus of the female.
Possibility of IVF with donor egg and/or sperm
Slide30Structures and Function of the
female reproductive system
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Slide31Structures of the
female reproductive system
Ovary (female gonad)
Located in the pelvic cavity
About the size of an almond
Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs
Function
s
Produce female sex hormones – estrogen and progesterone
The ovum is the largest cell in the human body.
Slide32Ovum develops slowly inside each follicle by a process called maturation
Usually a single follicle matures every 28 days through reproductive years.
The reproductive years begin at time of puberty and
menarche
(
1
st
menstrual cycle
)
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Slide33Ovulation
As follicle enlarges, it migrates to the outside surface of the ovary and breaks open, releasing the ovum
Occurs about 2
wks
before the
m
enstrual period begins
Time of ovulation may vary some.
Women produce about 400 ova during the reproductive years
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Slide34Fallopian tubes
Also known as oviduct or uterine tube
Approximately 4” long
Not attached to the ovaries
Typical site of fertilization
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Slide35Contains fimbriae
Fringelike folds that help guide the ovum inside the tube.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when fertilized egg implants inside the tube
Dangerous situation
Could rupture
Rx- surgery
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Slide36Uterus
Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ
Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum
Expands to accommodate the growing embryo and amniotic fluid
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Uterus
Fundus
Bulging upper part of the uterus
Body
The body is the middle portion
Cervix
The narrow portion that extends into the vagina
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Structures of the
female reproductive system
Uterus
Perimetrium
(visceral peritoneum
)
outer
Myometrium
Thick, smooth, muscular middle
Endometrium
Inner mucous layer
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
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Structures of the
female reproductive system
Cervix
The cervix is the lower end of the uterus (opening)
Located at the top of the vagina
Approximately one inch long
Opens to allow passage of fetus during delivery
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Slide40Vagina
Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining
Approximately 10 centimeters long
Also known as the birth canal
Hymen
External opening of the vagina may be covered by a perforated membrane
May have bleeding with first act of intercourse
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External genitalia
Vulva
External organs of reproduction
Labia
Folds of skin that surround the vagina
Labia majora
Labia minora
41
Slide42Structures of the
female reproductive system
External genitalia
Clitoris
Erectile tissue
Stimulated to prepare vagina for intercourse
Perineum
Area between the vagina and rectum
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Accessory organs to the female reproductive system
Mammary glands (breasts)
Consists of 15 or 20 lobes of glandular and adipose tissue
Areola
Darkened area that surrounds the nipple
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Slide44Areola changes to brownish color during pregnancy
Prolactin from the pituitary gland stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth
Slide45The menstrual cycle
Endometrium thickens to prepare for the fertilized egg to attach prior to ovulation
If pregnancy does not occur, the lining will break down and the unfertilized egg will be discharged from the body
This process is called menstruation.
The cycle starts over with the development of another ovum and build-up of endometrial lining.
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Slide46Starts at puberty
Early as 9
yrs
to as late as 17
Average range is 12-15
4 stages ……
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Slide47Follicle Stage
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) secreted by pituitary gland travels to ovary via bloodstream causing egg to mature and fill with fluid containing estrogen.
This stimulates the endometrium to thicken with mucus and rich supply of blood vessels, preparing for implantation.
Usually last about 10 days
Slide48Ovulation Stage
Estrogen reaches high level so FSH secretion stops.
LH (luteinizing hormone) begins to excrete.
The combination of these three hormones stimulates the mature follicle to be released
This is OVULATION
Slide49Corpus Luteum Stage (Luteal Phase)
After ovulation, LH stimulates the cells of the ruptured follicle to divide and this causes the corpus
luteum
Progesterone is now secreted
Helps to maintain the continued growth and thickening of the endometrium
“pregnancy hormone” to help maintain the pregnancy
Prevents FSH from being stimulated
Phase last about 14 days
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Slide50Menstruation Stage
If fertilization does not occur, progesterone reaches level in blood that inhibits further LH secretion
With decreased LH secretion, the corpus
luteum
breaks down, causing decreased progesterone secretion
Causes lining of endometrium to break down
Menstruation around 28 days x about 4 days.
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Slide51While menstruation is occurring, estrogen level in blood is decreasing.
Causes FSH be secreted and the process starts over.
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Slide52Menopause
“change in life”
End of monthly menstrual cycle
45-55 years of age
Signals end of follicle growth and ovulation
Anatomical changes occur gradually over period of years
Hot flashes
Mood changes
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Slide53Contraception
“against” conception
Opposed by some religious and ethnic groups
ABSTINENCE
A positive, healthy choice many people make
Slide54Reasons to avoid pregnancy
Health risks to women
Spacing pregnancies
Chromosome abnormalities
Delaying to focus on new marriage
Limiting family size
Slide55Reproductive process:
Female contraception
Abstinence
Sterilization
Tubal ligation
Barrier methods
Female condom
Spermicides
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Hormonal Methods
Birth Control Pills
Depo-Provera
Lunelle
NuvaRing/Vaginal Ring
Ortho Evra Patch/Birth Control Patch
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
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Slide56Reproductive process: male contraception
Abstinence
Vasectomy
Vas / ectomy
Permanent
Condoms
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Breast cancer
The leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 32 and 52
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Partial or full mastectomy
Lumpectomy
Life saving measures
Monthly breast exams
Mammogram
Ultrasound
Normal
Abnormal
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides
Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple.
Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area.
There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns.
Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately.
Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area.
1
2
5
4
3
6
Self breast exam
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast
as result of infection
Treated with antibiotics
Slide60Menstrual Cycle concerns
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual cycle
Normal with pregnancy
Could be caused by anorexia, hormonal imbalances
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation
Could be due to excessive
prostalandin
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Group of symptoms exhibited prior to menstrual cycle caused by water retention in body tissueIrritability
NervousnessMood swingsWeight gain
Treated with meds
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infection that occurs in reproductive organs that could spread to fallopian tube or peritoneal cavity..
Could be a secondary infection.
Severe pain, high fever
Treated with antibiotics – often in hospital
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Toxic shock syndrome
Bacterial – caused by staphylococcus organism.
Sx
– fever, rash and hypotension which may lead to shock.
Tx
- antibiotics
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus.
Sx
– internal bleeding, pain and scar tissue, heavy irregular bleeding
Cause unknown
Dx
– laparoscopy
Tx
- Hormonal
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Cervical Cancer
Frequently seen ages 30-50
Typical with HPV infection
Test –
Papanicolaou
(pap) smear
Yearly exams when sexually active
What are the benefits
of receiving the HPV vaccine?
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Disorders of the female reproductive system
Vaginal yeast infection
Fungal (candida)-
Part of body’s natural organism
Arises when environment is altered
Sx
– itching, burning and redness in vagina
Thick, white discharge (cottage cheese like)
Treat with antifungal
Slide66Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Also known as venereal diseases
Transmitted through exchange of body fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions and blood
Can be serious
Painful
Can cause long term complications including sterility, chronic infection, ectopic pregnancy, cancer or death
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Slide67Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydia
Genital warts
Gonorrhea
Herpes
HIV
Syphilis
Trichomonas
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Effects females and males.
May or may not present symptoms.
May or may not have a cure!
Slide68Chlamydia
Most common curable STD in the US
80% of women and 25% of men have no symptoms
May appear as abnormal genital discharge with burning upon urination
Screen cervix, urethra or rectum
Treat with antibiotics
curable
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Slide69Genital Warts
HPV virus (human papilloma virus)
Very common
Usually no symptoms
Viral…..no cure
Appears as wart on shaft of penis or on the vagina
Usually painless, but can become sore and itchy
Dx
by examination
Tx
- cryosurgeryMay lead to cervical cancer
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Slide70Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection
Typically painful urination in males and discharge of pus from penis
May be asymptomatic in females for some time
curable
Tx
- antibiotics
Complications if not treated
Epididymis in males
Fallopian tubes in females (scarred and blocked)
Newborn eye infections if untreated
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Slide71Herpes
Viral
Lesions cause painful burning sensation
Small
blisterlike
areas in genitalia
Sx
may go away if untreated in 2
wks
however may reappear throughout lifetime
NO CUREFemales may have cesarean section if active lesionsDO NOT HAVE TO HAVE SYMPTOMS TO SPREAD THE VIRUS
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Slide72Syphilis
Bacterial
Potentially life threatening
Appears in stages
Early stage – chancre in genital area that disappears
Progresses over period of years if not treated
Develops transient rash
Late stage can cause vertebrae, brain, and heart involvement
Treated with
penicillian
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Slide73Trichomoniasis vaginalis
Protozoan
Causes vaginitis in female (itching, burning and discomfort.
Men develop urethritis with pain and burning upon urination
Treated with antibiotics
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