Manfred Haase ASFINAG Maut Service GmbH manfredhaaseasfinagat Agenda The whole story of interference What is interference What means interference for electronic tolling Who is interfering with electronic tolling ID: 1042529
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2. C-ITS AND TOLL FREQUENCY THREATSManfred HaaseASFINAG Maut Service GmbHmanfred.haase@asfinag.at
3. AgendaThe whole story of interferenceWhat is interference?What means interference for electronic tolling?Who is interfering with electronic tolling?Interference mitigation measures
4. What Is Interference?Interference: Effect of unwanted energy upon receptionNo exclusive usage of tolling frequency band Interference cannot be completely avoidedInterferer avoids interference when “listening” before “talking”InterfererReceiverSenderInterference is unwanted energy perceived by the receiver:
5. What means interference for electronic tolling?
6. Toll RSUToll OBURSU to all: is there anybody?OBU to RSU: here is OBU #7RSU to OBU#7: Your data pleaseOBU #7 to RSU: Here are the dataRSU to OBU#7: ConfirmationOBU #7 to RSU: Ok.RSU to OBU#7: End.RSU to all: is there anybody?…Communication ZoneRSU constantly asks for OBUsToll Transaction – without interference
7. Toll RSUToll OBURSU to all: is there anybody?OBU to RSU: here is OBU #7RSU to OBU#7: Your data pleaseOBU #7 to RSU: Here is the DataRSU to OBU#7: ConfirmationOBU #7 to RSU: Ok.RSU to OBU#7: End.RSU to all: is there anybody?…RSU to OBU#7: Your data pleaseOBU #7 to RSU: Here are the data#!$%&/]! Interfering signalRepetition only possible until the vehicle leaves the communication zone!Communication ZoneRepeatedRepeatedshort-term interferenceToll Transaction – with short-term interference
8. Toll RSUToll OBURSU to all: is there anybody?OBU: I can‘t understand anythingRSU to all: is there anybody?…RSU to all: is there anybody?RSU to all: is there anybody?Communication zonelong-term interference No toll transactionToll Transaction – with long-term interference#!$%&/]! &&%$§(&%$/()(($$%³%%&&&%%&& Interfering signal Revenue lost!
9. Who is interfering with electronic tolling?
10. Possible interferersWToll RSUCEN DSRCC-ITS RSUToll OBUCEN DSRCC-ITS OBUWRLAN(e.g. Wi-Fi)Urban Rail ITS(CBTC)Smart TachographWIAGeneric Short Range Devices (SRDs)Fixed Wireless AccessWi-Fi in vehiclesMil. RadarsAmateur RadioC-ITS OBUWToll communication zone (approx. 10m)Interference zonedepending on transmission power of the interferer and attenuationWWWi-Fi in vehicles
11. Usage of The 5-GHz frequency bandWiFi channels and frequency No problems Potential problems Problems expectedToll systemsWiFi(WLAN)C-ITSShort Range Devices(SRDs)
12. Use of The 5.8-GHz frequency bandThere are more and more users around the tolling frequency at 5.8 GHz.The tolling protocol can compensate short term interference, but not extensive interference.Once interference becomes visible in toll transaction statistics, it is too late! The interferers are already on the market and in the field.Interference has a negative impact on revenue situation of toll chargers and toll service providersTherefore: active cooperation in European frequency regulation and standardization, in order to prevent and avoid problemsInterference costs money!
13. Interference mitigation measures
14. Why do we need mitigation measures?Older rights countincumbent radio applications are normally protectedShort range devices (SRD) even older rights than tolling systemsNew rights lead to (potential) problemsMore transmission powerNew frequency bandsNew technologiesMore frequent transmissionsNot “listening” before “talking”
15. Who influences the use of frequency bands?Legal acts based on CEPT decisionsCEPT Reports,ECC DecisionsFrequency regulation(compatibility studies and decisions)Referencing of Harmonised Standards in Official Journal of the EU( CE marking)European Telecommunications Standards InstituteHarmonised Standards(conformity with the frequency regulation)Decision makers: mainly industryImplementation in nationalregulationsDecision makers: radio authority ASCEAP observer in ECC ETSI/CEN standardization EU consultations
16. ASECAP Protected Zone DatabaseDatabase with protected zones will be installed by OEMs in vehiclesC-ITSPZDBVehicles reduce transmission power and transmission frequency (Duty Cycle) in the protected zone while driving
17. ASECAP Protected Zone DatabaseDatabase with protected zones around toll stationsC-ITS equipped vehicles use the PZDB and mitigate interference in protected zonesOther radio applications can use it as wellContinuous updates of the PZDB is importantby ASECAP members, in the vehicles by the OEMsWidespread use of the PZDB is importantPZDBSuccessfully used invehicles today!
18. TakeawaysThe tolling frequency is not exclusiveTolling frequency is mandated in EU legal actsInterferences must be expected„The stronger (transmission power), the more frequentand the closer (distance, frequency), the worse“Interference into toll systems costs moneyBiggest threats5G-V2X and LTE-V2X (2x more frequent transmissions)Non-compliant equipmentNon-compliant use of equipment (indoor/outdoor)MitigationActive participation in frequency regulation (CEPT), standardization (ETSI, CEN) and EU consultationsASECAP protected zone database must be used
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