An INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 Key Terms 2 Anatomy Anterior Caudal Cephalad Dorsal Frontal Homeostasis Inferior Lateral Medial Midsagittal Pathology ID: 208935
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
An INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1 Key Terms
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Anatomy Anterior
Caudal
Cephalad
Dorsal Frontal
Homeostasis Inferior
Lateral Medial
Midsagittal
Pathology
Physiology Posterior
Superior VentralSlide3
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 1: The Human Body
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Early Anatomists
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): first to illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bonesAndreas Vesalius (1514-1564): wrote a book on the human body
William Harvey (1578-1657): discovered how blood circulates through the body
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Definitions Anatomy: Study of the morphology and organization of the human bodyPhysiology: Study of the functions of the human body
Pathology: Study of diseases5Slide6
Subdivisions of AnatomyGross Macroscopic Anatomy
Regional AnatomySystemic AnatomyMicroscopic AnatomyDevelopmental AnatomyAn essential tool for studying anatomy is a mastery of anatomical terminology. Others are observation, manipulation, and in a living person,
palpation (feeling organs with your hands) and auscultation (listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope).
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Characteristics of Life (Living things)Movement – voluntary change in locationResponse – self awareness of environment
Growth – increase in body size without change in shapeReproduction – producing new organisms/cellsRespiration – obtaining oxygen, removing CO2, releasing energy from food
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Characteristics of Life (Living things)Digestion – breaking down substances into forms that can be absorbed and usedAbsorption – substances passing through cell membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluidsAssimilation – changing substances into different chemical formsExcretion – removing waste produced by metabolism
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Maintenance of LifeWater – most abundant substance in the bodyFood – provides organism with nutrients for energy and materials for building new living material
Oxygen – used to release energy from nutrientsHeat – product of metabolic reactions and allows other reactions to occurPressure – important in several areas (atmospheric, hydrostatic…)
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Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
OrganismSlide11
Body SystemsIntegumentary System (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands)Protection, insulation, regulation of water and temp
Skeletal System (bones, cartilage)Movement, blood production, protection, mineral storageMuscular System (muscles, tendons, fasciae, bursae)Body movement, movement of food and blood
Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)Control and regulation, interpreting stimuli11Slide12
Body SystemsEndocrine System (pituitary, adrenal, liver, thyroid…)Secretes hormones to regulate
the body’s functionsCirculatory System (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries)Transport substances to and from cellsLymphatic
System (thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes)Drains tissues of excess fluids, immunitiesRespiratory System (lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx…)
Exchange O
2
and CO
2
in the blood
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Body SystemsDigestive System (mouth, stomach, intestines…)Convert food into absorbable substances
Urinary System (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)Maintain homeostasis, chemical regulation of bloodReproductive System (different for both genders)Maintain sexual characteristics and production of offspring
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PlanesSagittal Plane
Midsagittal Parasagittal
Horizontal/Transverse PlaneFrontal/Coronal Plane
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Terms of Direction
Superior: Uppermost or above.Inferior/Caudal: Lowermost or belowAnterior/Ventral: Toward the front
Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the backCephalad/Cranial: Toward
the head
Caudal:
Toward the tail
Medial: Nearest to the midline of the body
Lateral: Toward the side or away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Nearest to the point of attachment
or origin
Distal: Away from the point of attachment
or origin
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Anatomical PositionSlide18
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Regions of the BodySlide19
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Major Body Cavities2 major body cavitiesDorsalCranial Cavity – contains the brain
Spinal Cavity – contains the spinal cord20Slide21
Major Body CavitiesVentralThoracic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal CavityPelvic Cavity21Slide22
Major Body CavitiesThoracic CavityPleural Cavities – contain lungs
Pericardial Cavity – contains heartMediastinum – between pleural cavities22Slide23
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Major Body CavitiesViscera – the organs of a cavityVisceral – referring to those organs
Visceral peritoneum – the covering on an organParietal – referring to the walls of the cavityParietal peritoneum – the covering on the wall of a cavity24Slide25
HomeostasisMaintenance of the internal environment of the bodyWithin varying narrow limits
The body is healthy when homeostasis is maintainedNegative Feedback LoopBlood Glucose LevelBody Temperature
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HomeostasisBlood Glucose LevelsCells use glucose for functions
Glucose levels rise significantly after mealPancreas secretes insulinMoves glucose into liver for storage as glycogenBetween meals, pancreas secretes glucagonTurns glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood
Glucose levels remain fairly constant between meals26Slide27
HomeostasisBody TemperatureHypothalamus detects increase body temp and secretes hormone
Hormone triggers the body to sweat and blood vessels to dilate27Slide28
HomeostasisNegative FeedbackResponse to a disturbance
Change in processPositive feedbackIncrease in function in response to stimulusOrgan systems help control internal environment
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