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Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity

Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity - PowerPoint Presentation

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Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity - PPT Presentation

Background information These slides can be used freely translated and adapted to national use eg concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization However it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques which need to be standardized ID: 650739

waist obesity bmi obese obesity waist obese bmi circumference overweight weight report reported hip 2014 consultation geneva nutr food

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Slide1

Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity

Background informationSlide2

These slides

can be used freely, translated and adapted to national use (e.g. concerning the

equipment and fieldwork organization).

However, it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques, which need to be standardized. Slide3

Definition

Overweight and obesity: abnormal or excessive

fat

accumulation that

may impair

healthSlide4

Trends and estimates

Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since

1980

In 2014, more

than 1.9 billion adults

were overweight and of these

over 600 million

were obese

39

% of adults

were

overweight in 2014, and 13% were

obese

WHO. Obesity

and Overweight. Fact Sheet. 2015.

Available

online: 

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/Slide5

Imbalance

between calories consumed and

expended

causes

obesity

Adapted

from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Balancing calories. 2011.

Available at

http

://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/calories/index.html

.Slide6

Factors

that might promote or protect against weight gain and

obesity

Strength of evidence

Decreased risk

Increased risk

Convincing

Regular physical activity

High dietary intake of fiber

Sedentary lifestyle

High intake of energy-dense foods

Probable

Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for childrenBreastfeedingHeavy marketing of energy-dense foods and fast-food outletsHigh intake of sugars-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juicesAdverse socioeconomic conditions (in developed countries, especially for women)PossibleLow glycemic index foodsLarge portion sizesHigh proportion of food prepared outside the home (developed countries)Rigid restraint/periodic disinhibition eating patternsInsufficientIncreased eating frequencyAlcohol

Diet

, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO

Expert

Consultation. 

WHO

Technical Report Series, No.

916. Geneva, WHO, 2003.Slide7

Causes of obesitySlide8

Medical complications of obesity

Figure source

: Adapted from Yale University Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity

Healthcare costs are 36% higher for obese compared with normal weight individuals 

(

Kent et al.

Obes

Rev 2017) Slide9

Measurement

Complex

 and expensive techniques such as 

magnetic

resonance imaging

(MRI)

provide accurate estimates of body composition

Anthropometric

measures such as body mass index and waist circumference are easily-obtained and serve as inexpensive tools to identify general obesitySlide10

Devices

Weight

balance beam scale

electronic scale

bioimpedance

Height

stadiometer

Waist and hip circumference

non-elastic measurement tape

Slide11

The most common indicator of overweight and obesity

BMI=weight (kg) / height (m)

2

Classification

BMI (kg/m

2

)

Underweight

<18.5

Normal range

18.50-24.99

Overweight

≥25 Pre-obese25.00-29.99 Obese≥30 Obese class I30.00-34.99 Obese class II35.00-39.99 Obese class III≥40WHO: Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No 894. Geneva, WHO, 2000.

Body-mass indexSlide12

An

indicator of abdominal

obesity

Ris

k of metabolic complications

WC (cm)

Increased

>94 cm in men and >80 cm in women

Substantially increased

>102 cm in men

and

>88 cm in

women Waist circumference (WC)WHO: Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, WHO, 2011.Slide13

T

he

waist circumference divided by the hip

circumference

A

n

additional measure of body fat

distribution

Ris

k of metabolic complications

WHR

Substantially increased

≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women Waist-hip ratio (WHR)WHO: Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, WHO, 2011.Slide14

Measured vs. self-reported values

Self-reported (SR) BMI

score and associated BMI category tend to be

underestimated

 

If self-reported

weight

is 1 kg lower and

height is 1 cm higher compared with actual measures

BMI is underestimated

by approximately 0.6 kg/m

2

Lin DC. Nutr Today 2007; Gosse M. Nutr Bull 2014. Slide15

Measured vs. self-reported values

The overall frequencies

underestimation

of weight

79 %

overestimation

of

height

71% As measured BMI increases, the amount of inaccuracy in self reported BMI also increases

obese

individuals

are most

likely misclassifiedOther factors associated with reporting bias include age, sex, education, income, physical activity level and smoking status the evidence is inconsistentLin DC. Nutr Today 2007; Gosse M. Nutr Bull 2014. Slide16

Acknowledgements

Slides:

Hanna Tolonen, Annamari Lundqvist

Experiences

and feedback from the EHES network have been utilized in the preparation of these slides

Funding: Preparation of the slides is part of the activities of EHES Coordinating Centre which has received funding from the EC/DG SANTÉ in 2009-2012 through SANCO/2008/C2/02-SI2.538318 EHES and Grand Agreement number 2009-23-01, and in 2015-2017 through Grand Agreement number 664691/BRIDGE HealthSlide17

Disclaimer

The

views expressed here are those of the authors and they do not represent the Commission’s official

position.