Background information These slides can be used freely translated and adapted to national use eg concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization However it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques which need to be standardized ID: 650739
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Slide1
Anthropometric measurements to estimate overweight and obesity
Background informationSlide2
These slides
can be used freely, translated and adapted to national use (e.g. concerning the
equipment and fieldwork organization).
However, it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques, which need to be standardized. Slide3
Definition
Overweight and obesity: abnormal or excessive
fat
accumulation that
may impair
healthSlide4
Trends and estimates
Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since
1980
In 2014, more
than 1.9 billion adults
were overweight and of these
over 600 million
were obese
39
% of adults
were
overweight in 2014, and 13% were
obese
WHO. Obesity
and Overweight. Fact Sheet. 2015.
Available
online:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/Slide5
Imbalance
between calories consumed and
expended
causes
obesity
Adapted
from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Balancing calories. 2011.
Available at
http
://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/calories/index.html
.Slide6
Factors
that might promote or protect against weight gain and
obesity
Strength of evidence
Decreased risk
Increased risk
Convincing
Regular physical activity
High dietary intake of fiber
Sedentary lifestyle
High intake of energy-dense foods
Probable
Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for childrenBreastfeedingHeavy marketing of energy-dense foods and fast-food outletsHigh intake of sugars-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juicesAdverse socioeconomic conditions (in developed countries, especially for women)PossibleLow glycemic index foodsLarge portion sizesHigh proportion of food prepared outside the home (developed countries)Rigid restraint/periodic disinhibition eating patternsInsufficientIncreased eating frequencyAlcohol
Diet
, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO
Expert
Consultation.
WHO
Technical Report Series, No.
916. Geneva, WHO, 2003.Slide7
Causes of obesitySlide8
Medical complications of obesity
Figure source
: Adapted from Yale University Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity
Healthcare costs are 36% higher for obese compared with normal weight individuals
(
Kent et al.
Obes
Rev 2017) Slide9
Measurement
Complex
and expensive techniques such as
magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI)
provide accurate estimates of body composition
Anthropometric
measures such as body mass index and waist circumference are easily-obtained and serve as inexpensive tools to identify general obesitySlide10
Devices
Weight
balance beam scale
electronic scale
bioimpedance
Height
stadiometer
Waist and hip circumference
non-elastic measurement tape
Slide11
The most common indicator of overweight and obesity
BMI=weight (kg) / height (m)
2
Classification
BMI (kg/m
2
)
Underweight
<18.5
Normal range
18.50-24.99
Overweight
≥25 Pre-obese25.00-29.99 Obese≥30 Obese class I30.00-34.99 Obese class II35.00-39.99 Obese class III≥40WHO: Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No 894. Geneva, WHO, 2000.
Body-mass indexSlide12
An
indicator of abdominal
obesity
Ris
k of metabolic complications
WC (cm)
Increased
>94 cm in men and >80 cm in women
Substantially increased
>102 cm in men
and
>88 cm in
women Waist circumference (WC)WHO: Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, WHO, 2011.Slide13
T
he
waist circumference divided by the hip
circumference
A
n
additional measure of body fat
distribution
Ris
k of metabolic complications
WHR
Substantially increased
≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women Waist-hip ratio (WHR)WHO: Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, WHO, 2011.Slide14
Measured vs. self-reported values
Self-reported (SR) BMI
score and associated BMI category tend to be
underestimated
If self-reported
weight
is 1 kg lower and
height is 1 cm higher compared with actual measures
BMI is underestimated
by approximately 0.6 kg/m
2
Lin DC. Nutr Today 2007; Gosse M. Nutr Bull 2014. Slide15
Measured vs. self-reported values
The overall frequencies
underestimation
of weight
79 %
overestimation
of
height
71% As measured BMI increases, the amount of inaccuracy in self reported BMI also increases
obese
individuals
are most
likely misclassifiedOther factors associated with reporting bias include age, sex, education, income, physical activity level and smoking status the evidence is inconsistentLin DC. Nutr Today 2007; Gosse M. Nutr Bull 2014. Slide16
Acknowledgements
Slides:
Hanna Tolonen, Annamari Lundqvist
Experiences
and feedback from the EHES network have been utilized in the preparation of these slides
Funding: Preparation of the slides is part of the activities of EHES Coordinating Centre which has received funding from the EC/DG SANTÉ in 2009-2012 through SANCO/2008/C2/02-SI2.538318 EHES and Grand Agreement number 2009-23-01, and in 2015-2017 through Grand Agreement number 664691/BRIDGE HealthSlide17
Disclaimer
The
views expressed here are those of the authors and they do not represent the Commission’s official
position.