Broca’s area is responsible for speaking ability. - PowerPoint Presentation

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Broca’s area is responsible for speaking ability. Wernicke’s area functions for language comprehension.

Language areas

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Lateralization of hemispheres

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corpus callosum

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Cerebellum – compares motor cortex output with what is happening in body. Important for acquiring physical skills (procedural memory) Basal nuclei – inhibits unwanted movements. Associated with Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease

Coordination and smooth movements require additional input

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Basal nuclei

inhibits muscle tone

selects and maintains purposeful muscle activity while inhibiting useless movement

monitors and controls slow, sustained contractions (posture)

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Hypotonia

- low muscle tone

normal

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EEG records synchronous firing of pyramidal neurons in cortex (many combined dipoles). EEG measures combined activity of ~10 million neurons

Basic EEG (‘brainwaves’)

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Basic EEG (‘brainwaves’)

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A set of interconnected brain areas that fxn in motivation, emotion, and memory

Limbic association cortex

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Involves both cortical and subcortical regions “Feeling and reacting brain” vs. thinking brain of frontal cortex. Fear, anger, pleasure and sexual drive Reward and punishment centers exist

Limbic system

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Receives signals right from thalamus when experiencing fearful stimuli (emotional stimuli)Amygdala is associated with hippocampus, learning.

Limbic system: amygdala

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Short-term memory – stored for a few minutes and can contain only a few items or concepts (like a phone number). Items can get ‘bumped’ from STM. Long-term memory – lasts years or more – generally stored in cortex. Includes factual info about the world, and personal events.

Memory

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Hippocampus

Short-term memory is converted to long-term memory using signals involving the

hippocampusHippocampus is an area where new neurons can be produced.

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Newly acquired

information

Usuallypermanently lost

Rapid retrieval

Inability toretrieve

“Forgetting”

“Remembering”

Searching andreadout

Short-termmemory stores

(Practice)

Consolidation

Long-termmemory stores

Slower retrieval, except forthoroughly ingrained memories,which are rapidly retrieved

Usually onlytransiently unableto access stores

Storage in temporal lobes, limbic system, cerebellum

How we remember

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In Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal proteins cause damage to neurons (amyloid beta, tau)The hippocampus is the first to be affected

Alzheimer’s disease

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Idea that areas of the brain distinctly focus on one sense has been discardedThere is a lot of ‘cross-talk’ between the senses (i.e. what you see influences what you hear and so on)

Our brain is not really a ‘swiss army knife’

Then Now

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Figure 5.28Page 173

Cervical

cord

Thoracic cord

Lumbar cord

Sacral cord

Cervical nerves

Thoracic nerves

Lumbar nerves

Sacral nerves

Coccygealnerve

Cauda

equina

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Dermatome - a patch of skin innervated by the same spinal nerve

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Spinal

cord

Spinal

nerve

Vertebra

Meninges

layers

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Nerve- a bundle of peripheral axons. Spinal nerves contain afferent and efferent fibers.

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Cell body of

efferent neuron

Cell body ofafferent neuron

From receptors

To effectors

Interneuron

Spinal nerve

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Stimulus

Biceps

(flexor)contracts

Handwithdrawn

Triceps(extensor)relaxes

Ascending pathwayto brain

Response

Reflex arcReceptorAfferent pathwayIntegrating centerEfferent pathwayEffector organs

Integrating center(spinal cord)

Thermalpain receptorin finger

Efferent Pathway

Effectororgans

Afferent

Pathway

Withdrawal reflex