CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCE - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCESlide2

Classification:

1- Disturbance in the volume of circulating blood.

2- Obstruction in the cardiovascular system.Slide3

1- Disturbance in Blood

volume:

1-

Hyperaemia

:

increase in the blood flow to an organ as result of dilation of its arterioles and capillaries.

2- Congestion:

increase venous blood in an organ as result of obstruction to venous outflow, the veins,

venules

and capillaries

becom

passively dilated.Slide4

1- Disturbance in Blood volume:

3-

Haemorrhage

:

Escape of blood outside the blood vessels or cardiac

chambers.Slide5

1: Chronic venous congestion in lung:

-the alveolar

capilleries

are dilated and congested

,the

alveolar walls are thickened

-

the

alveolar spaces contain intact and

haemolysed

red cells , brown

haemosiderin

granules and heart failure cells.Slide6

2- Chronic venous congestion in liver:

-the central veins are dilated and congested. The sinusoids are dilated and congested, they contain excess red cells

haemosiderin

and necrotic liver

cells. Slide7

3- Cerebral Heamorrhage:

Cerebral hemorrhage is usually caused by rupture

of

a small vessel in the parenchyma

. The

haemorrhage

may be the result of an injury, an abnormality of the blood vessels, or high blood pressure.Slide8

4- Cerebral Haematoma:

haematoma

(black), or blood clot

,)

cerebral hemisphere. This sort of blood clot, which is often fatal, is caused by blood vessels in the brain

haemorrhaging

..Slide9

2- Obstruction of blood flow can be due to:

1-Thrombosis:

formation of a compact mass composed of elements of circulating blood inside a vessel or heart cavity, this compact mass is called

Thrombus

.

2- Clot:

a mass of blood elements formed in stagnant blood.

3- Embolism:

the process of impaction of embolus in narrow vessels.

Embolus

is insoluble substance circulating in blood stream.Slide10

2- Obstruction of blood flow can be due to:

4-Ischemia

:

decrease blood supply to apart of tissue due to occlusion of its

artery.

5-Infarction:

formation of an

infarct

, that is, an area of tissue death (

necrosis

) due to

sudden

ischemia.Slide11

5- Thrombosis in the out flow of the heart:

showing a blood clot (thrombus, dark

red

),

blood clot can block or reduce the blood supply, will lead to tissue death (

infarction)Slide12

6- Recent thrombus:

The lumen is occupied by a thrombus appearing as a red mass.

The substance of the thrombus in traversed by lines of

Zahn

(

fused platelets forming homogenous structure less pinkish violet

lines)

.

the periphery of the lines show bluish dots represent WBC and nuclear

fragments Slide13

7- Pulmonary embolism and infarction:

-

lung showing an area of tissue death (infarction) caused by an embolism. The dead tissue is at lower centre. A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the branches of the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Slide14

8- Pulmonary infarction:

-the alveolar walls in the infarct area are thinned and their cellular structures are lost and fibrous septa only remains. the alveolar spaces contain intact and

haemolysed

red cells and heart failure cells.

- Rest of lung shows CVC.Slide15

9- Infarction in kidney:

-the infarct is pale red, normal area is darker.

- In the infarct zone the normal structures are lost, but the

glomeruli

outlines, tubules

and B.V are homogenous pink shadows Slide16

10- Atherosclerosis with lipid foam cells:

Atherosclerosis(

artery

wall

thickens, hardening caused

by the formation of

plaques

within the

arteries)

Lesion initial in

intema

, have soft yellow

accumulaton

of lipid ,

machrophages

,

foam cells

(macrophages with ingested oxidized

LDL),lymphocytesSlide17

11- Atheroma in the heart:

A

theroma

:

A fatty deposit in the

intima

(inner lining) of an

artery. Appear

white to whitish yellow color. Slide18

12- Atheroma, Aneurysm in Aorta :

Atheroma

in aorta lead to Local (dilatation) swelling of artery cause aneurysm is thin The wall of artery and

lumin

is filled by thrombus Slide19

13- Aneurysm in abdominal artery (Aorta):

Atheroma

in aorta lead to Local (dilatation) swelling of artery cause

aneurysm is thin

The wall

of artery and

lumin

is filled by thrombus .Slide20

14- Renal Atherosclerosis:

This is

hyperplastic

arteriolosclerosis, which most often appears in the kidney in patients with malignant hypertension. The arteriolar wall is markedly thickened and the lumen is narrowedSlide21

19- Renal Atherosclerosis. (

High magnification):