Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Revision - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

RevisionSlide2

Power of the Monarchy

Government

Religion

Society and Economy

Foreign Relations and Succession

Key Individuals

What to consider as we go:

Change/continuity

Success/failure

Significance/importanceCausation/consequenceSlide3

Mary dies on 17

th

November 1558

William Cecil rode 24km north to Elizabeth (Hatfield) Mary’s Councillors were aware that Elizabeth did not share their religious views

BUT they did not interfere with her succession! It was lawful (HVIII succession and Mary’s recognised her)

It was however, in some respects, a difficult successionSeries of bad harvests

There had been influenza epidemics (highest rate of mortality since the Black Death!)There had been a disastrous war against France (loss of Calais)

Issue of marriage became the subject of speculationThere would also be religious challenges

Elizabeth becomes Queen

17 Nov - Heath (Mary’s Lord Chancellor) proclaimed Elizabeth’s succession to Parliament20 Nov - Appointment of Ceil,

and Parry

(Comptroller of the Household) - no other appointments made

20

Nov

- 9 of Mary

’

s councilors visit Elizabeth to reassure her of their loyalty

23 -28

Nov

- Elizabeth travelled from Hatfield to London, making regular appearances before the public

28

Nov

- 8

Dec

- Elizabeth involved in detailed discussions with her advisers in the Tower of London

8

Dec

- 12

Jan

- Christmas celebrations in Whitehall (during which the Spanish ambassador attempted to persuade Elizabeth to marry Philip or another member of the Spanish royal family)

14

Jan

- Elizabeth travelled through the City of London, making several speeches about how she would protect her people

’

s welfare

15

Jan

- Elizabeth

’

s coronation, led by the Bishop of Carlisle (the Archbishop of York was unhappy about removing the Elevation of the Host from the ceremony) She progressed through the city and makes speeches.

25

Jan

– May 1559 – Parliament sat to restore Royal SupremacySlide4

Religions: 1559 Religious Settlement

Measure

Reason for

the measure

Significance

Act of Supremacy Restore the royal supremacy in the church which had been removed in Queen Mary’s reign.Restored the legal position of the crown in relation to the

church, which had first been established by HVIII. It gave the crown legislative authority in matters concerning the church.Act of UniformityRestore a single form of worship

Provided for the issue of a new Book of Common Prayer. required churches to use a communion table instead of a altar.Royal Injunctions

To make provision for the implementation of the Act of Uniformity at the level of the individual parish churchRequired local officials to adopt a protestant view of form of worship and practice in parish churches.

Thirty-Nine ArticlesTo define the faith of the Elizabethan ChurchArticle 17 emphasised predestination, thereby linking the Church to Calvinism.Slide5

Religion: Initial Opposition

House of Commons – Puritan Choir

House of Lords – Marian Bishops

According the Neale, a small bloc of 40 radical Protestant representatives (the Puritan Choir) struggled for a more aggressive reform, and had a major influence on Elizabethan politics.

However, it is not believed that he overestimated

their power (for instance absenteeism made them seen like a larger group than they was).The Act of Supremacy

met heavy resistance in the House of Lords, as Marian Bishops opposed and voted against it. They reworked much of the bill, changed the proposed liturgy to allow for belief of transubstantiation, made allowance for the wearing of liturgical vestments, and refused to grant Elizabeth the title of Supreme Head of the Church. The government entered two new bills into the Houses; the Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity.

Although the Act of Uniformity passed through the Commons without incident, it faced a considerable struggle in the Lords where all the bishops were united in their opposition and nine temporal peers joined them. In the end the Act passed by the narrowest of margins: 21 to 18. This victory was only possible because two Catholic bishops were still detained in the Tower and the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of St Asaph were both absent.Slide6

Religion: Catholic Opposition

1570 Excommunication:

Threat to Elizabeth

Not a threat to Elizabeth

This absolved Elizabeth’s catholic subjects from obedience to her

The

excommunication did induce a significant element on fear into the minds of Elizabeth and her Privy Council

(Act against Bringing in and Executing Papal Bulls and Treason Act)John Guy: created a logic whereby Protestants were loyalists and Catholics were traitors

Pope Pius V failed to gain support from Phillip IIThere were no arrangements for the bull to be published in England

1571 Ridolfi Plot:Threat to Elizabeth

Not a threat to Elizabeth

Plan was to secure the landing of Spanish troops in Essex

(foreign support).

Plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth agreed to execute Norfolk (there is a link here to government, with Burghley using MP’s to pressure Elizabeth!)

One of

Ridolfi’s

messengers was apprehended at Dover and cracked under torture.

The plot relied on the support of Phillip and the

Duke of Alba. Neither seemed enthusiastic about putting

MQoS

on the throne.

Ridolfi

might have been a double agent working for Burghley.

MQoS

denied involvement in the plotSlide7

Religion: Catholic Opposition

1583: Throckmorton Plot

Threat to Elizabeth

Not a threat to Elizabeth

Timing: Catholic missions to England on the rise and the international

position of Protestantism was become more precarious (Spanish reconquer the Netherlands).

Plan: Spanish landing in Sussex was plausible (Bossy ‘fairly near thing)

Outcomes: one execution, Mendoza (Spanish ambassador) expelled and Arundel is permanently imprisoned in the tower.Bossy: the threat seriously threatened Elizabeth’s regime (Bond of Association; undermined Anglo-Spanish relations; MQoS

moved to a more secure quarters).The plan for the Spanish to land in Lancashire was a fantasy

Sir Francis Walsingham had a mole in the French embassy, from whose information he was able to target Throckmorton.Throckmorton confessed under pressure and was executed.1585: Parry Plot

Threat to Elizabeth

Not a threat to Elizabeth

MP Parry confessed to plotting to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with

MQoS

.

Parry might have been converted to militant Catholicism,

and recruited as a double agent to assassinate the Queen.

Fuelled anti-Catholic paranoia of Burghley and other members of the Privy Council

Parry was employed by Burghley

as a spy – was it that Burghley and Walsingham wanted rid of him?

Allowed Burghley and his business managers in Parliament to ensure Parliamentary proceedings on the bill for the Queen’s safety were accelerated.Slide8

Religion: Catholic Opposition

1586: Babington Plot

Threat to Elizabeth

Not a threat to Elizabeth

Timing:

England interventions with the Netherlands had increased the prospect of war with Spain.

Mendoza: plan to invade England, promote a Catholic uprising and assassinate the Queen (MQoS to replace her).

Mary consented to Elizabeth’s assassination.

Walsingham was intercepting letters between Mary and Babington.Walsingham’s double agent Gifford persuaded Babington to continue.Slide9

Religion: Catholic Opposition

Missionary Priests

1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands, now France) to train Catholic priests and send them to England to keep Catholicism alive.

1575, 11 of these ‘Seminary Priests’ had arrived in England

1580 there was about 100

1580-1585 179 had arrived in EnglandThey were dangerous in that they operated secretly, from Catholic Gentry houses

Society of Jesus began sending Jesuit Priests to England in 1580Jesuits combined high intelligence and organisation skill with dedication for restoring Catholicism

First Jesuits who became involved were Robert Parsons and Edmund Campion (Campion was executed in 1581)

However, the success of missionary priests was limitedHumbler catholics were often ignored, with seminary priests based in Gentry houses

They became morelike household chaplains The missionaries themselves became divided as a result of leadership disputesSlide10

Religion: Catholic Opposition

Penal Laws

Three progressively more severe Acts against Catholics were passed in the 1570/80s

In 1587 the law was tightened and any recusant (non-attender) who defaulted on payment could have 2/3 of his estates seized.

This was partly because of worsening relations with

Spai; fear of Catholic rebellion and the onset of Catholic priests into England.

Date

What the Law Said1571

An Act made the publication of papal bulls treasonable1581

Act to Retain the Queen’s Majesty's Subjects in their Due Obedience. Became treason to withdraw subject’s allegiance to the Queen of Church of England. Saying mass became punishable by heavy fine and imprisonment. Non-attendance charge was raised to £20 per month.1585Act against Jesuit and Seminary Priests. This made it treasonable for priests ordained under the Pope’s authority to enter England. Became easier for the courts to secure convictions for

treason (123 priests were convicted and executed between 1596-1603)Slide11

Religion: Puritan Opposition

Vestiarian Controversy

1559

Settlement – Act of Uniformity tells priests to wear a surplice for ordinary services and

albs/copes for Communion services.1563 Convocation- Many bishops demand simpler vestments. Elizabeth refuses. Many priests refuse to wear official vestments–they get away with it as most bishops sympathetic.

Dec 1564 – Archbishop Parker meets Thomas Sampson (Dean of Christ Church, Oxford) to discuss his refusal to wear the official vestments.Jan 1565- Elizabeth announced that only those priests who wore the correct vestments would stay in their posts

(“keep their livings”)Parker sets up a bishops’ inquiry into the problem.May 1565- Before the bishops can report back, Elizabeth sacks Sampson.

March 1566- Parker published the Advertisements- these instruct priests to wear the correct vestments – but let them wear a surplice for Communion services as well.

At a meeting of priests in London (the most Protestant diocese), the Puritan Bishop Grindal reassures them that this issue is “adiaphora” (this means an issue that is not a FUNDAMENTAL issue of belief.) In other words, he is convincing Puritans that they are not betraying their faith by wearing more “Catholic” vestments.

However, 37 priests refuse to wear the correct vestments and are removed from their posts.Slide12

Religion: Puritan Opposition

Presbyterian Movement

Presbyterians were one aspect of the wider Puritan movement

They believed that the Church of England should be further reformed in doctrine and worship

They wanted the role of Bishop to be abolished and ministers to be equal in status

Presbyterian criticism of the church were voiced in two pamphlets called the two ‘Admonitions’The main author was John Field

The first admonition criticised the Book of Common Prayer and called for the abolition of BishopsThe second admonition provided a detailed description of Presbyterian system of church government

There followed a pamphlet war between Thomas Cartwright and John WhitgiftCartwright believed a church founded on ‘popish’ principles is flawed and the settlement must be modified

Whitgift argued that Presbyterian believes were destructive and would split the church

Presbyterians were geographically narrow (London, Essex, University of Cambridge, Suffolk)Attract high ranking support (Earl of Leicester, Huntington) The movement grew in the 1580’s, but attempts at Parliamentary change failedSlide13

Religion: Puritan Opposition

Whitgift’s

Articles

Whitgift

(Archbishop of Cantebury) was determined to destroy Presbyterianism He issued 3 articles that the clergy had to subscribe to

Acknowledgement of the royal supremacyAcceptance of the prayer book (nothing contrary to the word of God)Acceptance that the 39 Articles conformed with the word of God

Whitgift was forced to back down under pressure from councillors such as Leicester and WalsinghamHe reduced the second article to a simple acceptance of the prayer book

Success of Whitgift

Forced Burghley’s protégé Gifford out of his postCartwright was refused a licence to preach (despite Leicester’s plea)Church paid a price

Elizabeth supported Whitgift but her ministers did notHe caused despair amongst clergySlide14

Religion: Puritan Opposition

Seperatist

Seperatism

was an extreme form of puritanism, who wanted to split from the church altogether

They emerged in the 1580’sMainstream Puritans saw Seperatists as abhorrent

Seperatist did not think the Church could reform itself to root out ‘popish’ or ‘superstitious’ practiceThey opposed the Queen’s status as Supreme Governor

Robert Browne was leader of a significant congregation (Norwich), but in 1582 went to the NetherlandsTheir activities however alarmed authorities who passed the Act of Seditious Sectaries (1593)

Barrow Green and John Penry were tried and executed for ‘devising and circulating seditious books’Why did authorities adopt harsh measures against a numerically insignificant group?

Whitgift?Slide15

Religion: Puritan Opposition

Decline of Puritanism

Puritan influence declined in the 1580’s

Leicester, Walsingham and

Mildmay diedDefeat of the Spanish Armada reduced the perceived threat of Catholicism

Defeat of the Spanish Armada lessened the attraction towards PuritanismPresbyterians disappeared meant Puritan ideas were more accepted in the church

1595 Lambeth Articles proced acceptable to Puritans and Whitgift alikeLambeth Articles: 9 point of doctrine approved by

Whitgift, but asserted Calvinist doctrineRemember, Whitgift and Puritans had not been about belief

1559 Book of Common Prayer was acceptable as a form of workship for PuritansSlide16

Government: Ministers (1558-1570)

New appointments

Remained in office

Excluded from office

William Cecil: Principle Secretary

Robert Dudley: Master of the

Horse (1562 joins Privy Council)Privy Council

Sir Nicholas BaconFrancis RussellSir Francis Knolly

Marquis of Winchester (Lord Treasurer)Privy Council:

Earl of ArundelEarl of DerbyEarl of PembrokeEarl of ShrewsburyKenninghall group (had been particularly close to Mary)

William Cecil: Most important person; later called Lord Burghley; served first as Principle Secretary, and then Lord Treasurer; Spanish ambassador described him as the man ‘who does everything’.

Robert Dudley: later called Earl of Leicester; important as a military figures and promoter of the Puritan causeSlide17

Government

: Ministers (1558-1570)

Elizabeth fully intended to rule as well as reign (Guy: ‘controlled her own policy more than any other Tudor’)

Factionalism

There were clear divisions between Cecil and his allies, who favoured more moderate and pragmatic policies

Robert Dudley and his allies were less moderateThe idea that factional rivalry affected conciliar government has been challenged in recent years

Cecil is more radical in religion than has been previously asserted Cecil and Dudley argued about specific issues If anything Elizabeth’s approach to government in these years prevents factionalism

no one minister had complete control over patronageCouncillors held offices in the royal court

Councillors often had wives and daughters in Elizabeth’s Privy ChamberThis led to ‘homogeneity’, which created stability reinforced with family connections. These bonds could transcend religious difference.Slide18

Government: Ministers (1570-1587)

The middle years of Elizabeth’s reign saw little change.

Cecil’s grip on power increased in this period, with his new job as Lord Treasurer, and new title of Lord Burghley.

The council did move towards radical Protestantism, with Walsingham,

Mildmay

and Hatton joining the Privy Council.Slide19

Government: Ministers (1587-1603)

Several problems weakened Elizabeth Council from 1587

Ministers

died (Dudley – Sept. 1588). By 1598 the Council had 11 members!

Elizabeth

failed to replace those who died immediately – when she did she relied on relatives (Cecil and Essex)

There was an absence of senior noblemen on the Council

Elizabeth refused to allow Burghley to retire

The promotion of Robert Cecil annoyed the Earl of Essex…

Factionalism in the later years

(

Essex vs. Cecil)

1596: Essex angered by Cecil’s appointment as Secretary of State (Essex was fighting in Cadiz)

Hostility increased when Cecil was appointed to make an inventory of the plunder from the Cadiz expedition.

Essex’s 1597 expedition failed: he had abandoned the Crown’s objectives in an attempt to pursue financial gains. As well as putting him in a desperate financial situation, it angered Elizabeth, leaving her even less likely to promote Essex or his followers.

Essex left Court, and although Elizabeth tempted him back by making him Earl Marshal, this was a consolation prize after being rejected as Earl of Nottingham.

His desire to continue fighting Spain led to disputes with the

Cecils

(who wanted peace) and Elizabeth (who wanted to save money).

1598 - Elizabeth rejected Essex’s advice on the new Lord Deputy of Ireland, choosing Cecil’s candidate (

Knollys

) over his candidate (Carew.) Essex turned his back on Elizabeth, she slapped him, and he almost drew his sword.

Essex withdrew from Court, refusing to apologise to Elizabeth for three months. This was despite the pleas of his followers, who knew their own futures had been damaged (especially at a time when there were plenty of new opportunities caused by Burghley’s death.)Slide20

Government: Ministers (1587-1603)

Essex Rebellion:

CAUSES

Rivalry between political factions:

The Cecil faction at Court enjoyed more political power and patronage Essex’s faction.

Robert Cecil was the more skilful political operator and controlled access to Elizabeth and access to patronage. All the main posts at Court were being filled by ‘Cecil men’ – not supporters of Essex.

Economics:

Essex was not a wealthy man. He depended on Elizabeth’s support and patronage to stay solvent.

When Elizabeth refused to renew his monopoly on the import of fortified wine, Essex was left with very little financial means and was being chased by his creditors.

By 1600, Essex was in a desperate financial state.

Humiliation and loss of face:

Essex had been slapped in the face by Elizabeth following a Privy Council discussion on policy in Ireland (1598).

Essex was banished from Court and found that this made his financial situation even worse.

Military failure:

Elizabeth (ill-advisedly) sent Essex to deal with the rebellion in Ireland:

Essex failed to handle the rebellion well and left his command to return to London.

Catholic plots:

E

ssex was accused of negotiating with the Pope and the Spanish for the seizure of the English crown.

Essex had not been involved, yet was charged with treason.

WHY

DID IT FAIL

Essex had few supporters (300 at the most).

Essex overestimated his support and his supporters overestimated how popular Essex was with people of London.

The people of London failed to support the rising.

The rebellion was badly planned, Elizabeth’s spies had informed her of the plot.

Elizabeth’s defenders were well-prepared and well-armed.

OUTCOME

The Essex faction collapsed, the Cecil faction fully dominated the Court.

Robert Cecil used the failed rising to show himself as a cool political operator, this made him look good in the eyes of Slide21

Government: Privy Council

Privy Council

Ever since the fall of Cromwell, the Privy Council operated as a corporate board (letters/warrants signed by them)

Basically, there was no single chief minister!

Privy Council had fixed membership

It could issue proclaimations and administrative orders in the name of the monarchPrivy Council saw a change in this period, in the figures saw themselves as servants of the state, rather than servants of the monarch (e.g. Cecil)

The Privy Council was therefore similar to a cabinet in modern day politicsRoyal Court

The Royal Court also offered opportunities to exercise powerThe Court existed where ever the Queen was, and she could seek advice of the Court on an individual basis

The court was part theatre, and part patronage (system of distributing favours for those seen as loyal)Most people in the Court could access the Presence Chamber, but the Privy Chamber was more private

However, the Privy Chamber became less important because Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber no longer had same access rightsThe Court became under the control of the Lord Chamberlain (nobility, and 3 were relatives e.g. Lord Hunsdon)Increasingly, Elizabeth turned Courtiers into Councillors (Dudley) and Councillors into Courtiers (Cecil)Slide22

Government: Parliament

DATE

REASON(S)

CALLED

WHAT HAPPENED

SIGNIFICANCEJan-May 1559Settlement of Religion

Settlement pushed through because of strongly Protestant Councillors (e.g. Cecil, Knolly, Bacon) in the face of opposition in the H.o.Lords

Legal Status of the Church and forms of worship were established for the whole of her reignJan-Apr 1563

Sep-Jan 1567Liz wanted moneyLarge no. of MPs urged Liz to marry (infringing royal prerogative). 1563 Councillors pressed the issue. 1556 they got MP’s to do their pressurising. 1556 Liz prevented the passing of bills for further religious reform

Saw the first difference in opinion between MP and Liz on issue concerning royal prerogativeApr-May 1571Liz wanted money to supress Northern Rebellion, Council sought tightening of treason laws (against Catholics)Parliament granted a subsidy and was happy o tighten Treason laws. William Strickland proposed a bill to reform the Common Book of Prayer (upset Liz)Slide23

Government: Parliament

DATE

REASON(S)

CALLED

WHAT HAPPENED

SIGNIFICANCEMay-Jun 1572Feb-Mar 1576Jan-Mar1581

Security following the Ridolfi PlotParliament recalled

Parliament recalledParliament called for the execution of Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots.Granted subsidy. Commons imprisoned Wentworth for infringing royal prerogative.

Granted subsidy and tightened anti-Catholic lawsThe Privy Council orchestrated calls for Norfolk to be executed. Elizabeth refused to back calls for

MQoS execution.Nov 84 – Mar 85Called after the assassination of Wiliam of OrangeTightened anti-Catholic lawsAct for the Surety of the Queen’s Person gave a statutory basis for the Bond of Association, showing uncertainty at the time.Oct 86 – Mar 87

Called after the Babington plot

Debated whether

MQoS

should be executed

Liz

disregarded habits of her ENTIRE reign by seeking Parliamentary advice concerning

MQoS

. A few Presbyterian MP requested religious reformed and were imprisoned for infringing royal prerogative.Slide24

Government: Parliament

DATE

REASON(S)

CALLED

WHAT HAPPENED

SIGNIFICANCEFeb-Mar 1589Revenue could be raised for war against Spain

Parliament voted a double subsidyPositive atmosphere in Parliament can be attributed to the success in defeating the Spanish Armada.Feb-Apr 1593

Concerned legislation for those who were not attending churchParliament voted a triple subsidyWentworth was imprisoned a 2

nd time for raising the issue of succession this time (infringing of royal prerogative)Oct 97 – Feb 98

Liz was desperately short of ash (economic and social crisis)Poor Laws. Parliament once again granted a triple subsidy.Monopolies generated considerable controversy.Oct-Dec 1601Liz remained short of cash1598 poor law was revised. Golden Speech was made by Liz. Parliament passed a quadruple subsidy amidst moaning of monopolies.

Even more controversy over monopolies.

Monopolies: The debate over monopolies was the one occasion where the crown lost control over the House of Commons. Robert Cecil lacked skill as parliamentary manager and had less resources than his father. In the end a compromise was reached and ended with Elizabeth making her golden speech.Slide25

Government: Parliament

FOR

AGAINST

Fierce opposition within the House of Lords to the 1559 Settlement (p.54 and 57)

The Crown was able to secure passage of its key legislation (homework handout)

Opposition to the Crown’s wishes from individual MPs: the

Wentworths, Strickland, Cope (p.102-3 and 150)

The

House of Commons was carefully managed by privy councilors at least until the 1590s (p.65)Debating of prerogative issues such as marriage and the succession irritated the Queen immensely (pp.65-66)

Most parliamentary sessions seem to have been conducted positively (pp.102)Elizabeth’s last two parliaments were particularly marked by disputes (monopolies) (p.149-52)

Elizabeth could never control

her Parliament

?Slide26

Valid

Invalid

30 years of success

Privy Councillors carefully managed Parliament (particularly Cecil)

Elizabeth’s ministers (chosen by her) were loyal to her

Government expenditure was effectively controlled.

Factionalism in Elizabeth’s early years led to Norfolk’s rebellion

Parliamentary resistance to Elizabeth’s religious settlementParliament raised issues that encroached upon Elizabeth’s royal prerogative (marriage)

The major issues or marriage and succession were not resolved.

15 years of failureDeath of key Councillors led to replacements by Elizabeth that were motivated by their own power.Factionalism in the later years (Essex rebellion and the fact that factionalism in this year had a focus on what would happen after Elizabeth’s death)Issue of monopolies in Parliament.

There were positives in the final years: Robert Cecil was an able administrator

The Poor Law was the most significant advance in government policy in her reign.

The succession of James was very smooth.

‘Elizabeth’s management of government could be described as 30 years of success, and 15 years of decline’ Assess the validity of this view.

GovernmentSlide27

Succession: Marriage

Name

King Philip

Prince Eric

Charles of Austria

Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester)

Duke of

Alencon

(Anjou)

NationalitySpanish

Swedish

Austrian

English

French

Religion

Catholic

Protestant

Catholic

Protestant

Catholic but not fully clear

Dates of potential marriage

1559

1559-65

1560-67

1560-78

1578-81

Political reaction

Spanish influence was unpopular with Protestant politicians and they were against the marriage.

Many in the Council such as Cecil were keen on this marriage and the creation of a Protestant alliance.

Some enthusiasm given the crisis of 1562, but religious concerns

Split the council with a faction in favour and a faction strongly against. Cecil opposed the marriage.

Divide in the Council. Fearful of potential risk of childbirth for Elizabeth given her age, worried about the character of Anjou.

Peoples’ reaction

Unpopular proposal with the people who remembered the recent war in which the Spanish had been allies but they had lost and it cost England control of Calais

Who? From where?

Feared dominance by the Holy Roman Empire

There were lots of rumours about Elizabeth and Dudley. There would have been a huge scandal if they had married as his wife died in very suspicious circumstances.

Pamphlet’s produced against the marriage. Religious worries given the French massacre of Protestants in 1572. Dislike of foreigners.

Elizabeth’s personal thoughts

Turned down proposal immediately, had been married to her sister (and treated her badly), their marriage had led to a rebellion

Elizabeth was never keen on the match but continued negotiations due to pressure from Council

Encouraged the proposal but this may have been to gain political advantage in foreign policy

Elizabeth often seemed love struck with Dudley but did try to marry him to Mary Queen of Scots suggesting she knew she could not marry him herself. Furious when he married someone else.

Called him her ‘little Frog’, actually agreed to marry him. Seemed to have been in love despite his smallpox scars and being 20 years younger than her.

Potential husbands views

Saw marriage as a means of keeping control of England

Very keen on the marriage as England was much more powerful than Sweden

Didn’t want to move to England, the marriage was his dad’s (Charles V The Holy Roman Emperor) idea

Very keen on the marriage, waited 18 years for Elizabeth. Mixture of genuine affection and ambition

Wrote Elizabeth love letters and courted her. Genuine love or ambition? Given money to fund military campaign in NetherlandsSlide28

In the autumn of 1562 Elizabeth I was stricken with Smallpox

It seemed unlikely that she would survive

, which meant a possible succession crisis!

The level of panic amongst her Councilors should not be underestimated.

Whilst they all agreed a successor should be named, they did not agree on who that person should be

Lady Catherine Grey had disgraced herself and was despised by Elizabeth Little support for nobility with blood connections

No overt support for Mary Queen of Scots When Elizabeth regained consciousness she named Robert Dudley as her successor (alarming Cecil)

The issue did not go away when she recovered (1563 Parliament)The Queen still refused to commit herself

It appears to have been a political decision

Succession: Small Pox CrisisSlide29

Foreign Policy (

Spain 1558-1571)

There is evidence of positive relations:

Ma

rriage negotiations

Phillip tries to stop the Pope excommunicating Elizabeth twice

Both do not wish to upset Anglo-Burgundian relations

da Silva was effective

BUT there was a deterioration in this period

John Hawkins attempted to break the Spanish trading monopoly with the Caribbean (with Elizabeth’s support it appears). This led to the Spanish blockading the Mexican port of San Juan de

Ulua

(1568)

The Netherlands were a loose grouping of 17 provinces. They owed allegiance to the Duke of Burgundy (Phillip of Spain), but exercised a degree of

self governance

. The Netherlands is very important for England, because of trade (

75% of England’s overseas trade passed through Antwerp).

Phillip wanted to tighter political control (increase Spanish control)

Phillip despatched the Duke of Alba to deal with the presumed rebellion (this rebellion refers to the Protestants in the Netherlands)

November 1568: Spanish vessels seek shelter from a storm in Devon and Cornwall. These ships had 400,000 florins on which Elizabeth decided to impound. De Silva had died and de

Spes

had taken over, he told the Duke of Alba to seize English ships in the Netherlands Trade came to a halt.Slide30

Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy (Spain 1571-1587)

1572: Elizabeth expels Dutch sea beggars (Dutch pirates licenced by William of Orange). They are forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle. This sparked a full-scale revolt against the Duke of Alba. Elizabeth offered English soldiers and prevented them going to Alba.

Summer 1575: Spain launched a new military offensive against the Dutch rebels. Collectively, the provinces in the Netherlands created the Pacification of Ghent, which called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and restoration of the provinces autonomy (this coincides with what Elizabeth wants!). Spanish troops start vacating…

In 1576 Spanish troops returned. Elizabeth promised the Dutch Estates-General £100,000 and military support if the French invade, informing Phillip II she would give military aid if he did not accept the Pacification of Ghent. Elizabeth did not keep this promise, hiring mercenary army to fight instead.

1580 the Spanish annex Portugal. Divisions in the Netherlands worsened with the emergence of the Union of Utrecht (Northern, Protestant) and Union of Arras (Southern, Catholic). Spain made the peace with the Union of Arras and allowed the NEW Governor-General (Duke of Parma) to begin his re-conquest of the North. Elizabeth adopted an Anti-Spanish position (supported Portuguese pretender Don Antonio, knighted Sir Francis Drake, and treats Spanish ambassadors in England poorly).Slide31

Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy (Spain 1571-1587)

1580’s

things still get worse. The Duke of Parma’s

reconquest

gained momentum, only Holland and Zeeland were in rebel hands. William of Orange was assassinated 

Treaty of Joinville 1584 (Phillip and the Catholic League). Elizabeth was forced to form an alliance with Dutch rebels in the Treaty of Nonsuch

in 1585 (promised 6,4000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry). Leicester invades but it was a political disaster (troops treated badly, English quarrel, Leicester quarrels). Leicester tried a coup d'état

, and the Dutch concluded it was a sign Elizabeth wanted to take over… Slide32

Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy (Spanish Armada 1588)

Motives

for the Spanish Armada

Religion

Deterioration in the 1560’sThe NetherlandsPortugal and support for Portuguese pretender Don Antonio

Sir Francis Drake and his attack on Spanish ports in 1585Reasons for the failure of the Spanish Armada:

It is important to realise, that the defeat of the Armada did not end the war with Spain, this would go on until after the deaths of both Phillip and Elizabeth.

English Superiority

Spanish Weakness

LuckSent fire ships into Spanish vessels (near Calais). Skilful enough to make the most of the disruption from sending fire ships, and engage Sidonia’s ships directly.

Strategy

to land in the Spanish Netherlands (Parma did not have enough control – Dutch blockaded)

Duke of Medina Sidonia was a poor replacement for Santa Cruz (lacked experience)

Santa Cruz died

Winds were favourable to the

English when they sent fire ships.

North West winds obliged Sidonia to head into the North West sea.Slide33

Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy (1588-1603)

War was fought for another 16 years. Elizabeth’s aims were modest:

She did not want to destroy the Spanish Empire

She sought national security (autonomous Netherlands)

War at Sea:

The queen was not persuaded by Hawkins to blockade key Spanish ports1589: she agreed to an expedition to Portugal (destroy remaining Armada; place Don Antonio on the Portuguese throne; secure the Azores; intercept Spanish vessels)

The expedition was a disaster (strategic flaws, drunkenness, poor command, disease)War at sea became a side show as the main focus became France and the Netherlands

236 vessels operated between 1589-1591, and much was privately financedSlide34

Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy (1588-1603)

Attacks on mainland Spain and it’s colonies

English made three attacks on mainland Spain and its colonies

The attention of the first attack was Panama, because Spanish treasure from Peru went to Panama before Spain. Drake planned this expedition (had lost favour) and considered Panama a Spanish weak point. Although some plunder was achieved the expedition never actually reached Panama. Drake and Hawkins's died on this expedition



1596 expedition led by Raleigh and Howard. It led to the occupation of Cadiz and they sunk 4 Spanish ships. However, they couldn’t build on the victory…

1596-7 Essex led a fleet to the Spanish port of Ferrol, with the aim of preventing the Spanish from attacking Ireland. The fleet was driven back to England because of stormy conditions. This attack would have never resulted in success however… Then Essex set off to the Azores (for treasure as opposed to military objectives_. The Spanish managed to slip past the English, but the storms prevented the Spanish reaching Ireland.Slide35

Foreign Policy:

Scotland (1558-71)

Question

Answer

What was the problem

Henry II died. Francis II (MQoS husband) took over. Accession brought Guise faction to power. French troops taken to Scotland. Lord of Congregation ask for assistance.

Which key individual had influence? How?William Cecil – strongly supported intervention

(sympathised with religious predicament, didn’t want French at the border, wanted Scotland to join a British state, wanted MQoS removed). Cecil persuaded Elizabeth to intervene based on her insecurity (coat of arms and resignation).

What happened?Initially support = money and armaments. 1559 navy sent to Firth of Forth. 1560 Treaty of Berwick offered the Lords of Congregation conditional support. March 1560 an army was sent north. Army/Navy blockaded Leith.

Impact?French withdrew. French fleet damaged. Mary of Guise died. Cecil gained favourable terms in the Treaty of Edinburgh. Francis II died and Guided fell from power. MQoS was back in Scotland and her influence reduced. Triumph for Cecil!Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

(155)

When Elizabeth came to the

thone

, England was in conflict with France (and it had gone

badddd

)

Elizabeth wanted to get England out of this war, as did France and Spain (due to finance)

April 1559: Treaty of

Cateau-Cambresis

: France would retain Calais for 8 years, after which Calais would be restored to England (provided that peace be kept between the two). If France failed to return

Calaid

, they agreed to pay 500,000 crowns.

But further problems emerged after the death of Francis II in June 1559…Slide36

Foreign Policy:

France (1558-71

)

Question

Answer

What was the problemConflict broke out between Catholics and Protestants in France in March 1562.

Which key individual had influence? How?Robert Dudley – encouraged Elizabeth to put military pressure on the French crown when it was relatively weak and to secure the return of Calais.

What happened?Liz promised Huguenot leaders 6000 men and £30,000 loan, with control of the Le Havre port as security.

Impact?Huguenot army defeated; Huguenot

leader captured. Duke of Guise assassinated (both sides leaderless). Both sides accepted peace terms and united to drive England out of Le Havre. England got unfavourable peace settlement at the Treaty of Troyes. Liz lost Calais permanently. Could lead to her caution in the Netherlands.Slide37

Foreign Policy (

France

1570-1587)

Anglo-French relations improved in this period (Treaty of Blois, April 1572)

But, the St. Bartholomew’s massacre happened shortly after, killing thousands of Huguenots

Yet England continued good relations, because relations with Spain were deteriorating (next slide will cover this)

Elizabeth’s aims were to minimise the threat of Spain, and encourage French support of Dutch rebels (but don’t let it result in France taking over!)

She kept open communication channels with the Crown and Huguenots

1574 Elizabeth renewed the Treaty of Blois when Henry III takes over

It is in this period that Elizabeth also considered a marriage alliance (Anjou)

In 1580 Spain annexed Portugal

Elizabeth sought a formal alliance with France (+ aid for a Netherlands expedition), but Henry was suspicious and said he would only agree if Elizabeth married Anjou…

Elizabeth underwrites a Netherlands expedition led by Anjou, but it was a disaster and Anjou was driven out of the Netherlands.

Any further attempts to ally were nullified by the rapid decline in Henry III’s power when faced with Phillip II and the French Catholic LeagueSlide38

Elizabeth’s Society: Golden Age?

FOR

AGAINST

Art

Paintings

English painting, influenced by Flemish models

flourished (artists benefitted from a range of patrons)

Formal portraiture was important (Queen, Earl of Leicester)Most important aspect of Elizabethan painting was the portrait miniature (Nicholas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver)

ArchitectureCourtiers and wealthy individuals could afford extravagant new building projects because of monastic land they had acquired

This period saw the emergence of the first named English architect Robert Smythson.PaintingsFormal portraiture lacked an artist as skilful as Holbein had been during the reign of HVIIISlide39

Elizabeth’s Society: Golden Age?

FOR

AGAINST

Literature

Plays

Viewing public treated to plays (Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe)

Increased sophisticated infrastructure for production plays in London (companies of actors operated under the patronage of courtiers – most importantly the Lord Chamberlain’s men – Shakespeare a member).

These companies operated in a competitive market at theatres such as the Globe and Swan = emphasis on dramatists such as Shakespeare to produce new plays on a regular basis.

Prose LiteratureFoxes’ ‘Book of Marytrs

had a wide readership.Influential writers were Sir Phillip Sidney (saw himself as a moderniser) and Edmund Spencer.Prose LiteratureProse literature had a narrow readershipSlide40

Elizabeth’s Society: Golden Age?

FOR

Music

C

hurch

Elizabeth saved the musical culture of Cathedrals and Oxbridge colleges at the time of her Settlement

Two greatest composers ‘Thomas Tallis’ and William Byrd, wrote extensively for the church of England

Secular

Flourished, especially at courtDevelopment of the madrigal (musical form), most important composers were Thomas Morely and Thomas Weelkes

. 1601 Triumph of Oriana (25 madrigals)PopularInstrumental music and songs flourishedMany towns had bands ‘waits’ who performed on formal occasionsBroadside

ballard

songs became popularSlide41

Elizabeth’s Society: Poor Relief

Causes

of poverty

Attitudes

Government policy

Rise in population

= huge pressure of resources = jobs become hard to come by = wage stay the same = prices rise (demand rises) = inflationSpanish exploration of the new world = more silver in circulation = reduced value of currency

Henry VIII had been debasing coins

Collapse of the cloth market in the 1550sElizabeth encouraged monopolies

There were several disastrous harvest (most Elizabethan’s lived in rural areas)Changes in agriculture (enclosure)Monasteries had been dissolved

Poor could be put into groups

‘Impotent’ or deserving poor. They could not provide for themselves, and were not

to blame.

‘Idle’ or undeserving poor. They were a threat to social order. They were seen as dishonest, and a criminal class. They were fit but too lazy to find work and were happy to live of begging and petty crime.

Elizabeth and her government were reluctant to accept poverty

as a national problem.

Early reign (indirect) – full

recoinage

(planned by Mary).

1563 Statute of Artificers – placed wage limits on skilled workers

Act of Husbandry and Tillage in 1598 aimed to slow down enclosure

Town Councils (Norwich) brought in experimental measures. Alms were collected for the poor. Censuses were carried out. Workhouses were set up to provide work for unemployed.

Measures in (1563/72/76) but ineffective

1597

Act for the Relief of the Poor. Everyone had to pay towards a poor rate. This tax would pay towards parish officials setting up workhouses and relief for the deserving poor. Led to four ‘Overseers of the Poor’ per parish.

1601 Poor Law recognised categories of people who were unable to find work. Overseers had to provide them with tools and stock.

Begging was forbidden (whipping punishment). Persistent beggars would be hung.Slide42

Elizabeth’s Society: Northern Rebellion

CAUSES

Religious motives – There was clear religious enthusiasm amongst the leaders/ordinary participants (Mass in Durham Cathedral).

Political motives - They considered themselves dishonoured by having been displaced from their traditional aristocratic role of controlling Northern government.

Courtly conspiracy –

It was proposed the Norfolk should marry Mary Queen of Scots and be restored to the Scottish throne – a plan which triggered a volcanic response from Elizabeth when she discovered it.

EVENTS

The rebellion began on the 9 November.

The Rebels marched on Durham, seized the city on 14 November and heard mass in the cathedral.The rebels

did not march south in an attempt to pressurise the government.When hearing that a Crown force was on its way north, the earls disbanded their forces and fled over the border in to Scotland.The following month Northumberland’s cousin, Leonard Dacre, restarted the rebellion in Cumberland only for his force to be heavily defeated at Naworth, east of Carlisle, by a royal force under the command of the Queen’s cousin, Lord

Hunsdon

.

WHY

IT FAILED

Disorganisation, a lack of clarity concerning the rebels’ objectives.

Poor Leadership.

Lack of expected foreign support.

Decisive action by the authorities.

CONSEQUENCES

The rebellion revealed the London government’s lack of comprehension of the differences between north and south and the difficulties in managing the North.

Demonstrated the ruthlessness that Elizabeth’s government had in punishing those who had offended. Mass execution of rebels were ordered but how many were actually offended is debateable.

The rebels gained little support for fellow conservative nobility and there appeared to be little enthusiasm to get rid of Elizabeth.Slide43

Elizabeth’s Society: The RegionsSlide44

Elizabeth’s Society: Local GovernmentSlide45

Elizabeth’s Society: Ireland

Tyrone was motivated by a combination of factors, including culture, personal ambition and religion

.

This rebellion was particularly problematic for Elizabeth because the Spanish would attempt to exploit the situation to bolster their position in the Anglo-Spanish war. Therefore, Elizabeth sought a truce

.

However, assisted by clans such as the O’Donnells and Maguires, Tyrone’s rebellion spread beyond Ulster.

The Spanish attempted to exploit the situation by including Irish contingent in the Second Armada (1596). But this proved unsuccessful, but it was a clear signal of Spanish intention, and caused uneasiness for Elizabeth and her Councillors.

An English force under the command of Sir Henry Bagenal was defeated at the Battle of Yellow Ford in August 1598. From this, Tyrone was clearly in control of Ulster, and the O’Donnells were in control on Connaught, the O’Mores controlled

Leix-Offaly and the Munster Plantation had been destroyed. Beyond the Pale was out of English control!It looked as though Tyrone was on the verge of setting up an independent and Catholic Ireland that would look to support from Spain.

Elizabeth sent the Earl of Essex to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant (1599). This was an error because the Earl of Essex was ready to disobey Elizabeth’s orders.Slide46

Elizabeth’s Society: Ireland

Essex had a large force, but instead of moving North to Ulster, he stayed in Leinster and then Munster

.

He was ordered North again by Elizabeth, but instead of confronting Tyrone, he made a truce

!Essex then refused to come back to Court as the Queen ordered.

As soon as the truce expired, Tyrone moved south and camped near Kinsale on the coast, to the South West of Cork. He hoped to link up with a Spanish army. This was the high point of his power.

The English made significant progress under their new Lord Lieutenants, Lord Mountjoy and Sir George Carew. Carew secured Cork and gradually recaptured most of Munster. Mountjoy, pushed Tyrone back to Ulster.

O’Neill’s forces were saved from destruction by the landing in Kinsale of 3,000 Spanish troops (1601).The English were triumphant over O’Donnell, forcing him to free with the Spanish

.Tyrone made a peace treaty with Mountjoy in 1603. Unbeknown to Tyrone, Elizabeth was dead at this point. Mountjoy offered Tyrone generous terms so he could get back to James I, the new King of Irelands.Slide47

Internal Trade:

The value of internal trade exceeded that of foreign trade

The biggest single development was the growth of shipping coal from the Tyne to the Thames.

Netherlands:

Cloth trade with the Netherlands declined

Antwerp Cloth market had declined from the early 1550s

Cecil was anxious to end the dependence on a single market

An alternative trade was developed, based in Emned, Germany

The major move was to Amsterdam – commercial growth here cam at the expense of Antwerp (Spanish control)

Russia:Attempts to establish new overseas markets with Russia occurredHowever, these remained economically marginalMuscovy Company (1555) incorporated to trade with Russia, but failed to compete with the Dutch.

Guinea/South America:

Centre of African trade

Starting point for

Harwkin’s

move to the Americas

3xexpeditions (first two financially successful)

These expeditions irritated Spanish authorities

2

nd

included investment from Dudley, and Elizabeth supplied ships (for a price!)

3

rd

expeditions attracted royal support but went wrong (blockaded in Mexico)

Ottoman Empire:

There was increased trade with the Ottoman Empire

The

Levant Company

(1581) enjoyed success in its attempts to trade with the Empire.

Failed in long term to compete with the Dutch.

Baltic

Eastland Company

(1579) set up to trade in the Baltic

Limited effect

Asia:

East India Company

(1600) set up to trade with Asia, but has less investment that the Dutch East India Company (difficult to compete)

Elizabeth’s Economy: TradeSlide48

Humphrey Gilbert

Entrepreneur who suggested that England should start colonising North America.

Sir Francis Walsingham

Supported Walter Raleigh.

Richard Hakluyt

A clergyman and geographer who encouraged the process of colonisation in North America. In

Discourse of Western Planting’

(1584).

Walter Raleigh

A Courtier who presented Discourse to the Queen. 1585 received a patent to colonise Virginia. 2 expeditions took place (disaster).

Half-Brother

Connected to

Supported

Elizabeth’s Economy:

ColonisationSlide49

Prosperity: Land

Land income rose and landowners acquired a range of material possessions. They had benefitted from HVIII and Edward selling off land at knock-down prices (dissolution).

One consequence was building – e.g. country houses.

At a more modest level society farmers benefitted from rise in agricultural prices.

Prosperity: Trade

Debate on the relationship between trade and depression (lack of hard evidence).

Some historians have argued that trade under Elizabeth was buoyant (shipbuilding).

But there are more pessimistic historians emphasise what was seen as a desperate search for new markets to offset the decline of the cloth trade. Comparing Elizabethan financial institutions against European counter-parts, European ones were most sophisticated!

Prosperity: Urban

Some old established towns declined in Elizabethan England (Winchester).

On the other hand, towns such as York and Norwich improved. New towns such as Manchester also developed.

Those that did well tended to have a broad range of manufacturing or were unincorporated.

London is seen to have had a detrimental effect on some towns, but have benefitted towns such as Newcastle upon Tyne.

Elizabeth’s Economy: Prosperity and Depression

Depression

For

many, real wages fell, and this was a particular problem at the time of harvest failures.

9/44 harvests of the reign could be described as poor.

1594-97 there were 4 consecutive bad harvests, which made live catastrophic for some people.

1596 real wages had collapsed to less than half the level they had been 9 years earlier.

Conditions seemed to be worse in the far North with starvation the outcome…