Describe some of the practical applications of reproductive cloning and the process and goals of therapeutic cloning CLONING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS 11121114 1112 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential ID: 730243
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Slide1Slide2
Learning Objectives
Explain how nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals.
Describe some of the practical applications of reproductive cloning and the process and goals of therapeutic cloning.Slide3
CLONING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
11.12-11.14Slide4
11.12 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
When cells undergo
differentiation
, they become specialized in structure and function, with each type of cell fulfilling a different role
In plants, a differentiated cell can undergo cell division and give rise to all the tissues of an adult plant. Slide5
11.12 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
When the cells from a carrot are transferred to a culture medium, a single cell can divide and grow into an adult plant.
On a larger scale, this technique can be used to produce hundreds or thousands of genetically identical plants from the cells of a single plant.
Such an organism, produced through asexual reproduction from a single parent, is called a
clone. The term clone refers to an individual created by asexual reproduction. Slide6
11.13 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
Animal cloning can be achieved using
nuclear transplantation
.
In this process, the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote is replaced with a nucleus from an adult somatic cell.About 5 days after transplantation, repeated cell divisions form a blastocyst, a hollow ball of about 100 cells.If the animal being cloned is a mammal, the blastocyst is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
This type of cloning is called
reproductive cloning
because it results in the birth of a new living individual. Slide7
11.13 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
Click and Clone:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/
Slide8
11.13 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
Nuclear transplantation was first performed in the 1950s using cells from frog embryos.
It was first used in mammals in 1996 to produce the sheep Dolly.
Dolly demonstrated that the differentiation of animal cells is achieved by changes in gene expression, rather than by permanent changes in the genes themselves.
Researchers have since cloned many other mammals, including mice, cats, horses, cows, mules, pigs, rabbits, ferrets, and dogs.Slide9
11.14 CONNECTION: Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
A blastocyst can provide
embryonic stem cells
(
ES cells), which candifferentiate in an embryo to give rise to all the specialized cell types of the body ordivide indefinitely when grown in laboratory culture.When ES cells are use in therapeutic treatments, this process is called
therapeutic cloning
.
The goal is to supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs.Slide10
Figure 11.14
Blood cells
Nerve cells
Heart muscle cells
Different types of
differentiated cells
Different culture
conditions
Cultured
embryonic
stem cells
Adult stem
cells in bone
marrow
Embryonic
stem cells
removed
from
blastocystSlide11
11.14 CONNECTION: Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
The adult body also has stem cells, which serve to replace nonreproducing specialized cells as needed.
Because
adult stem cells
are farther along the road to differentiation than ES cells, they can give rise to only a few related types of cells. Slide12
This American Life: Cloning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzQW72hk8B4
Slide13
Figure 11.UN02
Clone of
the donor
Surrogate
mother
An early embryo
resulting from
nuclear trans-
plantation
Nucleus
from a
donor cell
Egg cell
or
zygote
with
nucleus
removedSlide14
Figure 11.UN03
An early embryo
resulting from
nuclear trans-
plantation
Nucleus
from a
donor cell
Egg cell
or
zygote
with
nucleus
removed
Embryonic
stem cells
in culture
Specialized
cells