The Muscular System A&P Fall 2016 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Muscular System

A&P Fall 2016Slide2

IV. Muscle Movements, Types and Names

Type of Body Movements

Muscles connect to bones at no less than 2 points

Origin- attached to an immovable or less movable bone

A muscle may have more than one origin

Insertion- attached to a moveable bone

i

. When a muscle contracts , the insertion moves closer to the originSlide3

2. Common Body Movements

a. *Make flashcards of these movement names and definitions*

There are 13 terms and definitions

Scissors and Paper

are availableSlide4

Flexion- brings two bones closer together

Extension- moves two bones farther apart

Rotation- moves bones around longitudinal plane

Abduction- moving limb away from midline

Adduction- moving limb toward midline

Circumduction

- limb moves in a circleSlide5

Dorsiflexion

- lifting foot toward shin

Plantar Flexion- pointing toes

Inversion- turn the foot toward the midline

Eversion

- turn the foot away from midline

Supination

- palm is out, radius & ulna are parallel

Pronation

- palm in in, radius crosses ulna

Opposition- thumb touching the tips of other fingers (on the same hand)Slide6

B. Naming Skeletal Muscles

1. Direction of the muscle fiber

a. Direction based of midline OR long axis of a limb bone

b. “Rectus” means fiber run parallel to line

i

. Ex. Rectus

Abdominus

c. “Oblique” means fiber run at a slant

i

. Ex. External Oblique

Slide7
Slide8

2. Relative size of the muscle

a. “

Maximus

” = largest

i

. Ex. Gluteus

Maximus

b. “

Minimus” = smallest c. “Longus” = long Slide9

3. Location of the muscle

a. location means the bone with which it is associated

i

. Ex.

Temporalis

&

FrontalisSlide10
Slide11

4. Number of origins

a. Muscles with the term “

cep

”

b. Prefix refers to number of origins

i

. Ex. Bicep (has 2 origins)

Slide12
Slide13

5. Location of the origin and insertion

a. Both the origin bone and insertion bone are in the name

i

. Ex.

Sternocleidomastoid

ii. Origins: Sternum (

Sterno

) & Clavicle (

Cleido) iii. Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal boneSlide14
Slide15

6. Shape of the muscle

a. Some muscles have a distinct shape

i

. Ex. Deltoid (means triangle)

Slide16

7. Action of the muscle

a. Name includes “Body Movement Terms”

i

. Ex. Flexor or ExtensorSlide17

C. Arrangement of Fascicles

1. Circular

a.

facicles

arranged in concentric circles

b. surround exterior body openings

i

. Ex. Eyes, mouth, etc

ii. Openings close when muscle contractsSlide18

2. Convergent

a. Fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon

b. Produces triangular or fan shaped muscles

i

. Ex.

Pectoralis

majorSlide19

3. Parallel

a. fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle

b. creates a strap-like muscle

i

. Ex.

sartoriusSlide20

4.

Fusiform

a. Modification of parallel arrangement

b. gives spindle-shaped muscles

i

. Ex. Bicep

BrachiiSlide21

5.

Pennate

a. means “feather”

b. short muscles attach obliquely to a central tendon

c. 3 subcategories

i

.

Unipennate

- inserts on one side of the tendon ii. Bipennate- Inserts into opposite sides of the tendon iii.

Multipennate

- Inserts into multiple sides of the tendon Slide22
Slide23

V. Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Head and Neck Muscles

Facial Muscles

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Frontalis

Cranial

aponeurosis

Skin of eyebrows

Raises eyebrows

b.

Orbicularis

Oculi

Frontal bone & maxilla

Tissue around eyes

Blinks & closes eye

c.

Orbicularis

Oris

Mandible & maxilla

Skin & muscle around mouth

Closes & protrudes lips

d.

Buccinator

Maxilla & mandible near molars

Orbicularis

oris

Compresses cheek,

holds food between teeth during chewing

e.

Zygomaticus

Zygomatic

bone

Skin & muscle at corner of lips

Raises corner

of mouthSlide24

FrontalisSlide25

Orbicularis OculiSlide26

Orbicularis OrisSlide27

BuccinatorSlide28

ZygomaticusSlide29

2. Chewing Muscles

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Masseter

Temporal Bone

Mandible

Closes Jaw

b.

Temporalis

Temporal Bone

Mandible

Closes JawSlide30

MasseterSlide31

TemporalisSlide32

3. Neck Muscles

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Sternocleido

-mastoid

Sternum & Clavicle

Temporal Bone (Mastoid

Process)

Flexes neck; laterally rotates head

b.

Platysma

Connective

tissue covering of superior chest muscles

Tissue around mouth

Tenses skin of neck (as in shaving)Slide33

SternocleidomastoidSlide34

PlatysmaSlide35

B. Trunk Muscles

1. Anterior Muscles

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Pectoralis

Major

Sternum, clavicle & 1

st

-6

th

ribs

Proximal

humerus

Adducts & flexes

humerus

b.

Rectus

Abdominus

Pubis

Sternum & 5

th

-7

th

ribs

Flexes vertebral column

c.

External Oblique

Lower 8 ribs

Iliac crest

Flexes & rotates vertebral columnSlide36

Pectoralis MajorSlide37

Rectus AbdominisSlide38

External ObliqueSlide39

2. Posterior Muscles

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Trapezius

Occipital bone & all cervical

& thoracic vertebrae

Scapular spine & clavicle

Raises, retracts & rotates

scapula

b.

Latissimus

Dorsi

Lower spine & iliac crest

Proximal

humerus

Extends

& adducts

humerus

c.

Erector

Spinae

Iliac crests, ribs 3-12, & vertebrae

Ribs, thoracic & cervical vertebrae

Extends & laterally flexes

spine

d.

Quadratus

Lumborum

Iliac crest, lumbar fascia

Transverse processes

of upper lumbar vertebrae

Flexes spine laterally; extends spine

e.

Deltoid

Scapular spine & clavicle

Humerus

Abducts

humerusSlide40

TrapeziusSlide41

Latissimus

DorsiSlide42

Erector SpinaeSlide43

Quadratus

LumborumSlide44

DeltoidSlide45

C. Muscles of the Upper Limb

1. Muscles of the

Humerus

that act on the Forearm

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Biceps

Brachii

Scapula of shoulder girdle

Proximal radius

Flexes elbow and

supinates

forearm

b.

Brachialis

Distal

humerus

Proximal ulna

Flexes elbow

c.

Triceps

Brachii

Shoulder girdle

& proximal

humerus

Ulna

Extends elbowSlide46

Biceps BrachiiSlide47

BrachialisSlide48

Triceps BrachiiSlide49

2. Muscles of the forearm that act on the wrist and hand

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Flexor

carpi

radialis

Distal

humerus

2

nd

& 3

rd

metacarpals

Flexes wrist

&

abducts hand

b.

Flexor

carpi

ulnaris

Distal

humerus

& posterior ulna

Carpals of wrist & 5

th

metacarpal

Flexes wrist & adducts hand

c.

Flexor

digitorum

superficialis

Distal

humerus

,

ulna & radius

Middle phalanges of the 2

nd

-5

th

fingers

Flexes

wrist & fingers

d.

Extensor

carpi

radialis

Humerus

Base of 2

nd

& 3

rd

Metacarpals

Extends wrist & abducts hand

e.

Extensor

digitorum

Distal

humerus

Distal

phalanges of 2

nd

-5

th

figners

Extends fingersSlide50

Flexor carpi

radialisSlide51

Flexor Carpi UnlarisSlide52

Flexor Digitorum

SuperficialisSlide53

Extensor carpi

radialisSlide54

Extensor DigitorumSlide55

D. Muscles of the lower limb

1. Muscles causing movement at the hip joint

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Gluteus

Maximus

Sacrum &

Ilium

Proximal Femur

Extends hip (when forceful extension is required)

b.

Gluteus

Medius

Ilium

Proximal Femur

Abducts thigh; steadies pelvis

during walking

c.

Iliopsoas

Ilium

&

Lumbar vertebrae

Femur

Flexes hip

d.

Adductor Muscles

Pelvis

Proximal Femur

Adduct

& medially rotate thighSlide56

Gluteus MaximusSlide57

Gluteus MediusSlide58

IliopsoasSlide59

Adductor MusclesSlide60

2. Muscles causing movement at the knee joint

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Hamstring Group (

Semitendinosus

,

Semimembranosus

, Biceps

Femoris

)

Ischial

Tuberosity

Proximal Tibia

Flex knee & extend hip

b.

Sartorius

Ilium

Proximal Tibia

Flexes thigh on hip

c.

Quadriceps Group (

Vastus

Medialis

,

Intermedius

,

&

Lateralis

; Rectus

Femoris

Vasti

:

Femur

Rectus: Pelvis

Tibial

tuberosity

via patellar ligament

All extend knee; Rectus

Femoris

also flexes hip on thighSlide61

Hamstring GroupSlide62

SartoriusSlide63

Quadriceps GroupSlide64

3. Muscles causing movement at the ankle & foot

Name

Origin

Insertion

Action(s)

a.

Tibialis

Anterior

Proximal Tibia

1

st

tarsal & 1

st

metatarsal of foot

Dorsiflexes

& inverts foot

b.

Extensor

Digitorum

Longus

Proximal Tibia & Fibula

Distal toes 2-5

Extends toes

c.

Fibularis

Muscles

Fibula

Metatarsals of foot

Plantar flex &

evert

foot

d.

Gastrocnemius

Distal Femur

Calcaneus

Plantar flexes

foor

& flexes knee

e.

Soleus

Proximal

Tibia & Fibula

Calcaneus

Plantar flexes

footSlide65

Tibialis AnteriorSlide66

Extensor Digitorum

LongusSlide67

Fibularis MusclesSlide68

GastrocnemiusSlide69

Soleus