16001800 January 20 2015 Review What did the Joseon and Qing governments have in common Were the Manchu Chinese Was the Qing a Chinese empire What was the relationship between China and Tibet What was the relationship between the Qing and Taiwan ID: 282983
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Slide1
Tokugawa Japan 1600-1800
January 20, 2015Slide2
Review
What did the Joseon and Qing governments have in common?
Were the Manchu Chinese? Was the Qing a Chinese empire?
What was the relationship between China and Tibet? What was the relationship between the Qing and Taiwan?
Why did the population grow so quickly in the first couple of centuries of the Qing?
What was the impact of the Spanish presence in Manila on East Asia? Slide3
Impact of the Spanish on East Asia
created Asia's only predominantly Christian society (except for East Timor, a former Portuguese colony)
brought new world crops (maize, peanuts, potatoes, red peppers, sweet potatoes, etc) to Asia where they stimulated population growth.
Brought Mexican silver dollars to Asia which stimulated commercial activity. Slide4
Japan Before Tokugawa
The Ashikaga shoguns, and their Muromachi shogunate, no longer exercised much authority after the Ōnin War of 1467-77.
Daimyos (feudal lords) began acting like kings of their domains, Buddhists began forming armed communities, and merchants established independent cities.
Yet the economy grew.
And the Japanese now had muskets in addition to swords, necessitating bigger castles and hastening unification of Japan. Slide5
A Daimyo’s Castle
http://www.digital-images.net/Gallery/Scenic/Japan/Castles/Himeji/himeji.htmlSlide6
Jesuits in JapanEbrey, 267
What are Jesuits? (the Society of Jesus)
How were they able to establish a solid presence in Japan, and even bring hundreds of thousands of Japanese under the Roman Catholic banner?
Why were they kicked out of Japan, and their followers persecuted?Slide7
The Tokugawa come to Power
The three unifiers:
Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (invaded Korea), and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Ieyasu established a shogunate in 1600
What’s a shogunate? A military government in which the leader is officially the emperor’s chief military officer. The emperor continued to reign, but the shogun wielded the greatest power.
However, at the local level, the daimyo enjoyed a lot of autonomy. Slide8
Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu
http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q3.htmlSlide9
Ending the fighting
Took swords away from the peasants
pulled samurai off the land, living villages to govern themselves (Ebrey, 289)
tried to freeze the social order (Ebrey, 288)
outlawed muskets
Crushed independent religious organizations (Buddhist and Catholic)Slide10
Comparing Qing and Korea to the Tokugawa
had a decentralized rather than centralized government
ruled by warriors (samurai) instead of scholars: No civil service exams (Ebrey, 288-89)
ruling class pulled off the land
had a distinctive urban culture (Ebrey, 295)
relatively isolated from the rest of the world
primogeniture was widely practiced (Ebrey, p. 288)Slide11
The baku-han system
http://tokugawakce.weebly.com/how-did-the-state-centralize-and-maintain-power.html
Baku refers to the military government
Han refers to feudal domainsSlide12
What’s a Han?
a Japanese fiefdom. The holder of a fief exercises all rights over that land and rules over the people on it. In return, he owes military service to his immediate superior. A fief resembles a modern country in that it is one solid piece of land under the administrative authority of one governing authority, though the ruler of a fief is not technically autonomous since he is under the overall authority of his own immediate superior. (The lord of a fiefdom and the samurai loyal to him are sometimes described in samurai movies as constituting a “clan,” even though they are not necessarily related.)Slide13
The Baku-han systemEbrey, 289-291
Tokugawa house controlled more land than any other.
Domains rearranged to strengthen Tokugawa control
Daimyo required to spend half their time in Edo (sankin kōtai)
Religions placed under strict control.
Strict limits on foreign tradeSlide14
Tokugawa “feudalism”
layered government. (loyalty is to one’s immediate superior)
Decentralized government in which a ruler commands loyalty from local elites, who in turn command loyalty from those beneath them. Under a feudal government, the ruler does not exercise direct authority over most of his kingdom. Rather, all authority (executive, military, and judicial) is exercised by local leaders, who in turn have military, financial, and ritual obligations to their immediate superior. Feudalism usually requires a land-based economy, a sharp gap in military technology between the fully equipped warrior and the rest of society, and a weakened but still somewhat visible central government framework. Also, it usually is built on personal ties of loyalty between a leader and his followers.Slide15
Economic and Social Change
Population size stabilized by mid 18th-century
(See how Japan did that: Ebrey, 293)
Merchants grew wealthier, and more independent, yet they didn’t challenge the samurai.
Samurai became bureaucrats (Ebrey, 290)
Some peasants became farmers ---growing for the market rather than subsistence. (Ebrey, 292)
cities grew much larger. (Ebrey, 294–295)Slide16
Japan’s Preparation for modernity
Samurai moved from the countryside into castle towns, which meant that they were less bound to the agricultural economy and could more easily make the transition to an industrial economy after 1868.
The samurai became bureaucrats, preparing them to work in the bureaucratic government of modern Japan.
The slowing of population growth in the 18th century meant that Japan, because its economy continued to grow, accumulated a financial surplus, which meant it could purchase the modern technology it needed in the 2nd half of the 19th century.
And the peaceful commercial competition among the Han prepared Japan for the competitive environment of the modern world.
On top of that, primogeniture pushed young sons out of their villages into towns, where they provided a labour force for the growing commercial economy. Slide17
Women in Tokugawa Japan
Japanese women did not bind their feet, nor were they secluded in their homes.
They had to move into their husband’s home after marriage. They also lost inheritance rights. These are changes from Japan 4 centuries earlier
Husbands could divorce wives, but wives could not initiate a divorce (except by fleeing to a temple) .
Wives of rich or powerful men had to accept concubines into their household.
In Tokugawa Japan, a few women were educated to they could help with the family business. (Ebery, 300)Slide18
The growth of urban cultureEbrey, 294-296
Geisha --female entertainers
Kabuki --popular drama
Bunraku --puppet theatre
Ukiyo-e --woodblock paintings
Haiku -- 17-syllable poems
Fiction ---popular vernacular novelsSlide19
Tokugawa popular culture
woodblock print of Mt. Fuji
http://bento.si.edu/a-closer-look/hokusai-making-waves/Slide20
Woodblock Kabuki
http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/japan/gallery/KUN/kun565.htmSlide21
haiku by Bashō
Ebrey, 295.
An ancient pond
A
frog jumps in
The sound of water.
The summer grasses
of brave soldiers’ dreams
The aftermath
http://thegreenleaf.co.uk/hp/basho/00Bashohaiku.htmSlide22
Culture and Society
Urban Tokugawa men sometimes crossed status lines to join cultural clubs, in which they participated in poetry writing, performing puppet plays, singing kabuki songs, performing tea ceremonies, etc.
This created a more cohesive society, one that worked against the division of society along hereditary status lines. Slide23
Japan and its Neighbours
What was the relationship of Japan to China? Did it pay tribute? How did it obtain goods from China? (Ebrey, 290)
Japan was allowed a trading post on Korea’s southeast coast. Korean envoys visited Japan, and corresponded via Tsushima, an island between Japan and Korea.
What was the relationship between Japan and the Ryūkyūs? ( Ebrey, 290-91)
The Dutch were allowed a trading post in Nagasaki harbour (Dejima Island) (Ebrey, 269)
Except for the Dutch, Europeans were barred from Tokugawa Japan Slide24
Religion in Tokugawa Japan
Shinto--primarily a worship of local deities
Buddhism -- used and controlled by the state, although it was divided into many different denomination (Zen, Pure Land, True Word, Nichiren-a unique Japanese form of Buddhism)
Neo-Confucianism (Ebrey, 304) -appealed to some samurai because of its emphasis on loyalty and on self-discipline. However, Japan was not as Confucian as China, Korea, and Vietnam (no civil service exams).
Remember that Neo-Confucianism is Confucian ethics of interpersonal interactions with a metaphysical foundation. Slide25
Tokugawa thought(Ebrey, 296-299)
Neo-Confucianism was a favourite ideology of many samurai, and the official ideology in government schools because it subordinated the individual to the group. (p. 304)
However, it was not applied to actual politics, except in the case of a few who asked why the shogun ruled instead of the emperor.
Confucian ethics grew in popularity among the merchant classes (Shingaku)
There was also a nativist reaction against Neo-Confucianism called “National Learning” (Kokugaku) which promoted Shinto ideas over Neo-Confucianism.