INFECTION PREVENTION INFECTION PREVENTION - PowerPoint Presentation

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INFECTION PREVENTION

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INFECTION PREVENTION

It is the collective effort made by health care providers and clients to prevent or minimize the risks of transmitting infections to clients or to other health care providers

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THE DISEASE TRANSMISSION CYCLE

Susceptible

Hosts

Clients

Service

ProvidersCommunity members

ReservoirsPeopleWater and solutionsInstruments Soil and air

Modes of TransmissionContactVehicleAirborneVector

Places of ExitRespiratory, genitourinary, GITMucous MembranesPlacenta

Places of EntryBroken skinPuncture woundSurgical siteMucous membranes

Infectious Agents:BacteriaVirusesFungiParasites

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EXAMPLE: TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B

Susceptible Hosts

Uninfected

service provider

Reservoir

Chronic hepatitis B

virus

CarrierModes of Transmission

Vehicle (surgical instrument)

Places of ExitBloodstreamPlaces of EntryCut on a service provider’s

handInfectious Agents:Hepatitis B Virus

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ADVANTAGES OF INFECTION PREVENTION:

Prevents post procedure infections

when providing clinical contraceptive methods (

eg

, IUCDs, implants)Results in high-quality, safe services

Prevents infections in staffProtects the communityPrevents the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganismsLowers the cost of health care

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UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

A simple set of effective practices designed to

protect health workers and patients from

infection with a range of pathogens

Help break the disease-transmission cycle at the

mode of transmission step These practices are used when caring for all patients regardless of diagnosis.

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UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

Wash hands.

Decontaminate equipment and devices.

Use and dispose of needles and sharps safely (avoid recapping, especially two-handed).

Wear protective items.Promptly clean up blood and body fluid spills.

Use safe disposal systems for waste collection and disposal.

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HAND WASHING 1

Wash hands

After arriving at work

Before and after examining each client

After touching anything that might be contaminated

Before putting on gloves for clinical proceduresAfter removing glovesAfter using the toilet or latrineBefore leaving work

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HAND WASHING 2

After hand washing

Air dry hands

Dry with personal hand towel

Use electric drying machine

Avoid using a communal towel

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USE OF GLOVES 1

Types of Gloves

Surgical gloves

Single-use examination gloves

Utility or heavy-duty household gloves

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USE OF GLOVES 2

Use separate pair of gloves for each patient

Wear correct size of gloves

Remove rings

Keep nails short

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USE AND DISPOSAL OF NEEDLES AND OTHER SHARPS 1

Causes of Injuries with Sharps

Recapping hypodermic needles

Manipulating sharps before disposal

Accidentally sticking another staff member

Leaving sharps in areas where they are unexpectedSurgical procedures with limited visibility or in confined spacesHandling or disposing of wasteUnexpected client motion during injections

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USE AND DISPOSAL OF NEEDLES AND OTHER SHARPS 2

To Prevent Injuries Due to Sharps

Handle all sharps minimally after use

Use extreme care whenever sharps are handled

Dispose of sharps in puncture-resistant containers

Pass sharps using the “hands-free technique”Do NOT recap needles

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High-Level Disinfect

Boil

Steam

Chemical

Instrument Processing

SteriliseChemical High pressure steamDry heat

Dry/Cool and Store

Decontaminate

Clean

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DECONTAMINATION

It is the first step in processing items

Makes items safer to handle and easier to clean

Soak items in a 0.5% chlorine solution for 10 minutes immediately after use. Do

not soak longer

Replace solution daily or when it becomes heavily contaminated

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CLEANING

Removes blood, body fluids, tissue, and dirt

Reduces the number of microorganisms (including endospores)

Sterilization and HLD may not be effective without proper cleaning

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STEPS OF CLEANING

Wear utility gloves, goggles, a mask, and protective eyewear

Scrub vigorously with a brush, detergent and water

Guard against injury from sharp objects

Hold items under the water, and be sure to get in the grooves, teeth, and joints

Rinse thoroughly to remove all detergentAir-dry on a clean towel

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STERILIZATION

Eliminate all microorganisms, including endospores

Recommended when items will come in contact with the bloodstream or tissue under the skin

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DRY HEAT STERILIZATION

Temperatures 170 °C for 1 hour or 60 °C for 2 hours

It is not necessary to open or disassemble items

Start timing when the oven reaches the desired temperature

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STEAM STERILIZATION (AUTOCLAVE)

Temperature: 121 °C Pressure: 106 kPa

Time: 20 minutes if unwrapped

30 minutes if wrapped

Wrapped packs can be stored up to 1 week

Unwrapped items should be stored in a sterile or HLD container with a tight fitting lid

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CHEMICAL STERILIZATION

Gluteraldehyde 2-4% (e.g. cidex): soak for 10hrs minimum

Formaldehyde 8%: soak for 24hrs minimum

After sterilization

Rinse with boiled water and air dry

Store in HLD container with a tight fitting lid

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HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTION (HLD)

Eliminates all microorganisms, but does not kill all endospores

Use for items that will come in contact with broken skin or intact mucous membranes

Types:

Boiling

Use of chemicals

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TIPS FOR HLD BY BOILING

Boil for 20 minutes in a cooking pot with a lid

Open or disassemble items

Do not add anything else to the pot after boiling begins

Articles must be completely immersed in water

Start timing when the water begins to boilStore all items dry and use within one week

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CHEMICALS FOR USE IN HLD

Chlorine

Cheapest effective disinfectant

Effective against many microorganisms

Can be corrosive and irritating

Prepare a new solution dailySoak instruments for 20 minutes and rinse in clean water before use

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CHEMICALS FOR USE IN HLD

Gluteraldehyde

Effective against many microorganisms

Not corrosive when used as directed

Irritating to people

Soak instruments for 20 minutesRinse in clan water before useUse prepared solution for up to two weeks

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HOUSEKEEPING

General cleaning and maintenance of cleanliness

Reduces the number of microorganisms and thus, the risk of infections

Provides an appealing environment

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GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR HOUSEKEEPING

Schedules should be posted and followed

Wear utility gloves and shoes when cleaning client-care areas

Minimize scattering of dust and dirt

Scrub when cleaning

Wash from top to bottomChange cleaning solutions when they are dirty

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ROOM ARRANGEMENT

Put everything in the right place

Make all equipment and supplies needed accessible

Arrange the room so that you can move around easily and safely

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WASTE DISPOSAL

Types of Waste

General waste

– non hazardous, poses no risk of injury or infection

Medical waste

– material generated in a diagnosis, treatment, and/or immunization, including:Hazardous chemical waste – chemicals that are potentially toxic or poisonous

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IMPORTANCE OF PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

Minimizes spread of infection to health workers, patients and the local community

Reduced risk of accidental injury to those who handle the waste

Reduced likelihood of contamination of soil, ground water, etc.

Reduces attraction of insects and rodents

Reduced bad smell.

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GUIDELINES FOR DISPOSAL OF MEDICAL WASTE

use washable, leak-proof containers

keep containers in convenient places

empty containers daily or when three-quarters full

never

put hands into containers Always dispose of medical waste correctlyWear utility gloves and shoesWash the gloves and your hands afterward

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COLOUR CODING FOR WASTE SEGREGATION

Category

Example

Colour of bin

Non-infectious

Papers, food cartons,

Black

Infectious

Gloves, dressings, body fluids

Yellow

Highly infectious

Anatomical waste

Red

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Medical Waste Segregation

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DISPOSAL PROCEDURES FOR SHARPS

Dispose of all sharps in puncture-resistant containers

Close containers when three-quarters full

Burn or bury the container

Wash the gloves and hands afterward