Salinity pea PPV peach PPVpea Common patterns Morphological alterations Ultrastructural and physiological responses Disorganized thylakoidal structure Stomatal closure Lower starch content ID: 1036995
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1. SalinityNaClPPV Salinity-peachSalinity-peaPPV-peachPPV-peaCommon patternsMorphological alterationsUltrastructural and physiological responsesDisorganized thylakoidal structureStomatal closureLower starch contentReduced photosynthesisAltered water relationsNutrient imbalanceAntioxidant metabolismROS accumulation at subcellular level Increased oxidative stress parametersDecreased ASC/DHA ratioIncreased ASC-GSH cycle and SOD activitiesFigure 1. Overview of factors involved in the response to salt stress and PPV infection in pea and peach plants. In soluble fractions, an oxidative stress was observed, including H2O2 and O2.- accumulation, in spite of increased ROS-scavenging enzymes. In chloroplasts, PPV-infection and salt stress affected negatively photosynthesis, which was reflected in an oxidative stress in the organelle, accompanied by decreases in activity of H2O2-scavenging enzymes and a disorganization of thylakoidal structure. APX: ascorbate peroxidase; ASC: ascorbate; CAT: catalase; DHA: dehydroascorbate; GPOX: glutathioneperoxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase.Morphological alterationsUltrastructural and physiological responsesDisorganized thylakoidal structureLower starch contentReduced photosynthesisAntioxidant metabolismROS accumulation at subcellular level Increased oxidative stress parametersSoluble fraction: increased APX and POX, and decreased CAT and GST activitiesChloroplast: decreased GST, GPOX and SOD Decreased GSH redox stateMorphological alterationsUltrastructural and physiological responsesDisorganized thylakoidal structureLower starch contentReduced photosynthesisAntioxidant metabolismROS accumulation at subcellular level Apoplast: increased H2O2-scavenging enzymes Soluble fraction: decreased APX, POX and SODChloroplast: decreased ASC-GSH cycle Morphological alterationsUltrastructural and physiological responsesStomatal closureReduced photosynthesisReduced water use efficiencyNa+ and Cl- accumulation in rootsAntioxidant metabolismDecreased H2O2-scavenging enzymes ROS over-accumulationIncreased oxidative stress parameterReduced photosynthesisAffected chloroplast integrity and metabolismAlterations in ROS-scavenging enzymes and redox state