Presented by Dr R R Gawande Associate Professor Department of Geology Deogiri College Aurangabad Palaeontology Palaios Ancientontos life LogyStudy ID: 1044698
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1. Topic –PALAEONTOLOGYPresented byDr. R. R. GawandeAssociate ProfessorDepartment of GeologyDeogiri College, Aurangabad
2. Palaeontology = Palaios- Ancient,ontos-life, Logy-Study(Palaeontology was proposed by the de Blanville & don Waldhelm in1834)A fossil is an impression, cast, original material or track of any animal or plant that is preserved in rock after the original organic material is transformed or removed. Fossil - remains or traces of a once-living organism.“Fossil” (Latin prefix “Fodere” refers to digging/excavation) in its most general sense refers to any preserved evidence of ancient biological organisms in the rock record that is obtained through digging/extraction from the host rock.
3. Life assemblage(biocenosis)Death assemblage(thanatocenosis)Total fossilassemblageFossils actuallydiscoveredDestruction of most soft tissuesDestruction of most hard tissuesDestruction of most fossils
4. Branches of Palaeontology
5. Importance of FossilsTo Study the Biostratigraphy (age dating of rocks)To Study the Evolution, Geographical Distribution of ancient animalsTo Study the Paleoecology/paleoenvironmental interpretationTo Study the Paleogeography/paleobiogeography/Palaeotemperature
6. Modes of Preservation of Fossils Entire Body Preservation With soft parts Entire Skeleton Preservation Without soft parts Petrification & Replacement Mold & Cast Imprints Traces & Trails BurrowsEncrustation in Spelaean Environments
7. Entire Body PreservationThis is very rare mode of preservation of fossilIn this mode the entire body of the animal is preserved with the skin in extremely dry and cold climateThe fossil Woolly Mammoth from the Siberia (1779) found to be entire skin and hard body part.Amber is a natural tree resin that had hardened through various chemical changes, sometimes this sap surrounds an insect, preserve it with perfect details & look like stone
8. World’s oldest baby snake found preserved in amber 100-million-year-old baby snakepreserved inside of a piece of amber from Myanmar. The new species—dubbed Xiaophis myanmarensis—lived in the mid-Cretaceous periodThe fossil, which was just 5 centimeters in length
9. Entire Skeleton PreservationThis is also an rare mode of preservation of fossilIn this mode the entire Skeleton of the animal is preservedFor preservation of this type fossils the climatic condition should be extremely Dry or extremely ColdA new species of South American fossil terror bird called Llallawavis scagliai ("Scaglia's Magnificent Bird“) more than 90% of the skeleton exquisitely preserved (Cenozoic Age)
10. Petrification & Replacement(The petrification is process of removal of particles of original animal body parts and replace by the fine grain sediments or minerals and totally convert it into stone or hard rock)When Organism die 'buried it tissue may be replaced by silica calcite or pyrite or some other minerals through water.In short it’s the type of preservation in which alteration of hard part by Mineral matter or Sediments Arizona National Wood Fossil Park
11. Petrification & Replacementfishes are petrified over limestone. The Royal Ontario Museum
12. Mold & CastWhen remains are buried, they are surrounded with sediment.The impression that the buried object made in the surrounding sediment is called an external mold. (impression of shell exterior surface)If the buried object is hollow, it can also be infilled with sediment. The impression of the interior of the buried object is called an internal mold (also known as a “steinkern”).(impression of shell interior surface) In many cases, the actual buried object (in this case a shell) decays or is dissolved, leaving only internal and external molds.
13. Mold & CastTurritelaExternal mouldInternal mouldTurritela
14. ImprintsThese fossilized Australian Glossopteris leaves are the same ones found on Antarctica.These imprints basically we get in the very fine grain sedimentary rock i.e. ShaleThe leaf is sandwich between the two strata, after the decomposition of the strata only the replica of the glossopteris leaf remains
15. Traces & TrailsIchnofossils
16. BURROWSPholad borings are tubular burrows in firm clay and soft rock that have been created by bivalve molluscs
17. Fossils & Evolution—Chapter 1Environment and preservabilityLagerstätten (“Mother lode”) = deposits that contain large numbers of unusually well preserved fossilsBurgess Shale (Cambrian, Canada)Hunsrück Shale (Devonian, Germany)Mazon Creek Shale (Pennsylvanian, Illinois)Solnhofen Limestone (Jurassic, Germany)Baltic amber (Oligocene, Germany)La Brea tar deposits (Pleistocene, California)
18. Lagerstätten(Hunsrück Shale, Devonian of Germany)
19. Lagerstätten(Solnhofen Limestone, Germany)
20. Distribution of modern deep sea pelagic sediments
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22. Invertebrate palaeontology The concept of invertebrate coined by Jean Baptiste de LamarckThe soft body animals as Mollusca are comes under the invertebrates
23. Phylum MolluscaSubphylum- CyrtosomaSubphylum-Diasoma
24. CLASS- GastropodThis class consist of snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater & land.The meaning of Gastropods in the Greek Gaster-Stomach, and Poda-Feet
25. Systematic Classification of Phyllum Mollusca (Gastropods)Kingdom – AnimalSubkingdom – InvertebrataPhyllum – MolluscaSubphylum – CyrtosomaClass – Gastropoda
26. Morphology of Hard part (Gastropods)
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28. Morphology of Hard part (Gastropods)The gastropods are belongs to phylum mollusca known as soft body animal and their protective skeleton part known as Shell it is mostly exoskeletonThe shells are in isostropic and anisostropic forms The shell is made up off from self secreted calcareous materialWe get the coiling of shell in the Bellerophon(Cambrian-Ordovisian)The shell of Gastropods and divided into different parts as Main Body Whorl, Suture Lines, Lips, Aperture, Columella and Apex
29. The gastropods are belongs conispiral shell of gastropods known as Protoconch and the rest of the shell as Teleoconch.All the gastropod shells are single piece and occure in the range of simple symmetrical to asymmetrical , Helical spirally coiled, anisotropic forms.Conical cap shaped shells are represented by Patella (Silurian to Present day)The terms as we go towards the apex from the main body whorl known as ADAPICAL & away from the apex known as ABAPICAL.
30. apertureThe opening at the anterior side of the shell known as ApertureThe aperture is location where the main body of an soft animal is outside from the shell and the whorl is known as Main Body WhorlThe peristome of some shell as like Natika known as Holostomatous and Peristome are grouped known as Siphonostomatous Different shells of gastropods shows different aperture shapes as shown in the next diagram
31. Different shapes of Gastropod Aperture
32. The gastropods having coiling along the axial cone which is very narrowIt allows the inner parts of adjacent whorls to unite or fuseThis fusion of inner parts of the whorl result into the formation of a axial pillar known as ColumellaIt extend from base of the shell to the apexThe shell having columella know as Imperforate and shell don’t have columella having hollow tube like space which is open at the base in Umbilicus known as Perforate shell. Interior of shell
33. Interior of shell
34. Coiling of shellThe gastropods shows different types of shapes and structuresThey also coiling pattern from which we can differentiate them The Dextral and sinistral means that the direction of coiling of the snail shell, when viewed from the top, is clockwise and counterclockwise respectively.
35. Different forms of gastropod shell
36. Important gastropods time rangeTurritella : Cretaceous to PresentPatella : Palaeozoic to PresentPhysa : Upper Jurassic to CretaceousTurbo : Jurassic to PresentCypraea : Eocene to PresentConus : Upper Cretaceous to PresentTrochus : Triassic to Present
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