CVA Nigeria 15042021 Ground rules Questions Type 1 Raise hand in zoom and ask the question with the video on when your turn is given 2 Put the question in the chat Lunch break 1 hour ID: 912005
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Slide1
Cash and Voucher Assistance (
CVA)
Nigeria, 15/04/2021
Slide2Ground rules
Slide3Questions
Type:1. Raise “hand” in zoom, and ask the question with the video on, when your turn is given2. Put the question in the chat
Slide4Lunch break 1 hour
Coffea break 5 minutes
Slide5Introductory video about cash
10 things you should know about cash transfers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08DZytvjXgCash Transfers: Myths vs. Reality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHl38bb_cjs
The Supply Chain in Cash and Voucher Programmes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXCCFt8QemQ&t=71sMultipurpose cash grants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J93gTlEIokQ
Slide6Cash is a (multifunctional) tool
CVA is a
modality, not a
programme
Cash transfers can be used alone or in combination with other modalities (Cash +, in kind…)
Is one of the ways to deliver assistance
Slide7Key terminology
UNCONDITIONAL
RESTRICTED
UNRESTRICTED
CONDITIONAL
CASH TRANSFER
VOUCHER
BASIC NEEDS
SECTOR SPECIFIC
Commodity voucher
Value voucher
DIRECT CASH
E-CASH
PAPER VOUCHER
E-VOUCHER
E.g. Cash for work / training / assets
ASSISTANCE MODALITIES
The form of assistance (
others
include in-kind and service delivery
)
DELIVERY MECHANISM
The means of delivering a cash or voucher transfer
PRE-REQUISITE/ QUALIFYING
Requirements to receive assistance: Activities or obligations that must be fulfilled
before
receiving assistance
UTILIZATION
Requirements or limitations, if any, on use of assistance received.
What a transfer can be spent on
after
the beneficiary receives it
OBJECTIVE(S) & PROCESS
What the interventions aim to achieve, and how they are designed and implemented
Slide8Multipurpose cash
MULTIPURPOSE CASH GRANTS / MULTIPURPOSE CASH ASSISTANCE
Regular or one-off transfers corresponding to the amount of money a HH needs to cover, fully or partially, a set of basic and/or recovery needs. They are by definition unrestricted cash transfers
Slide9Minimum expenditure Basket (MEB)
Slide10Better to work in groups
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUXdrl9ch_Q
Slide11Preconditions for CVA
1. Beneficiary needsCash is accepted, or already in use
by target population
- People cannot cover basic needs
- Protection related risks will not be amplified (risk and benefit analysis)
Slide12Preconditions for CVA
2. Community and political acceptanceCommunity awareness and acceptance of cash
Political awareness and acceptance of cash
Slide13Preconditions for CVA
3. Market conditionsFunctioning market regularly
supplied to meet demand
Items needed to meet needs are locally available
Markets accessible (physical, safety, resources)
Slide14Preconditions for CVA
4. Operational conditionsCash can be delivered safely
and effectively
Functional and reliable payment systems
Programmatic expertise and operational capacity
Slide15Questions?
Slide16Work in groups
1. All preconditions for CVA are applicable also to in-kind programmes?
Slide17Are we toast?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPr8nComZVg&list=PLSRLL1c00jgepoM6nL4XflXcsb65wejYh&index=11
Slide18CVA project cycle
Including…
Phases of the CVA Project Cycle
Phase gates
General tasks
Slide19Slide20CVA Programme quality toolbox
Slide21Access to programme quality Toolbox
https://www.calpnetwork.org/resources/programme-quality-toolbox/
Slide22Modality of CVA
Description
Unconditional cash transfers
Cash is given to recipients, who do not have to do anything in return for receiving the assistance
Conditional cash transfers
Cash is given to recipients, who have to comply with certain requirements such as attending nutrition and health-care training, or ensuring that children attend school in programme participants
• The condition often aims at promoting behavioural changes
attend school
Cash for work (CFW)/Vouchers for work (VFW)
(public works)
Cash or vouchers are given to recipients in exchange for temporary, unskilled employment. CFW/VFW schemes are usually related to public or community work programmes.
e.g. building or rehabilitating community infrastructures or work done at the home of the recipient
Payments are commonly made in exchange for a set
number of hours of work, usually at a rate of payment below
the market daily labour rate
Input trade fairs
temporary one-day markets
Modalities of CVA
Slide23Modalities of CVA
Modality
Description
Voucher
schemes
Beneficiaries receive paper vouchers or electronic cards that can be exchanged for goods and services at preselected shops.
• Vouchers can be cash vouchers or commodity vouchers for specific goods and/or services.• Cash vouchers have a set monetary value that can be used to buy commodities or services; commodity vouchers are exchanged for a fixed quantity of specific commodities or services from traders participating in the project
Cash plus (Cash +)
Cash+ refers to complementary programming whereby cash transfers are combined with other forms of support and activities such as provision of productive assets, inputs and/or technical training and extension services to enhance the livelihoods and productive capacities of poor and vulnerable
households.
• The cash assistance component allows beneficiaries to address their immediate basic needs while protecting the “plus” component (productive goods and services) to be used as intended for productive purpose, thus encouraging economic empowerment and increased asset ownership.
Source: FAO (2018a).
Slide24Use of Cash for Nutrition
Cash transfers are a key component of development and humanitarian assistanceWhere context allows, “cash transfers are efficient and effective in covering basic needs and can also play a key role in improving nutrition by reducing poverty, increasing food security and improving care and health”
(de Groot et al., 2015)
Poverty reduction efforts directly improve nutrition, which is a key indicator of the overall well-being of populations
Slide25Direct determinants of nutrition
Often addressed through nutrition-specific interventions, such as iodizing salt, providing vitamin A supplementation to pregnant women or conducting community management of acute malnutritionIndirect determinants of malnutritionOften thought of as nutrition-sensitive, encompass all the factors that underlie nutritional status such as poverty, access to safe and nutritious foods (quantity and quality/diversity), adequate care and a healthy and hygienic environment
Slide26Conceptual Framework CVA
Slide27CVA can impact underlying determinants in three main ways
:Allows HHs and individuals to purchase goods and access services that can have a positive impact on maternal and child nutrition
Conditional CVA can be an incentive to participate in nutrition SBC activities and attend to free priority health services.
Increased household income can reduce household tensions, economic pressures, enhance decision-making power of women, improve health and well-being of caregiver, etc.
Slide28Level of impact
Mostly positive
Mixed
None
Impact on nutrition status of children
Child nutrition status
**
Impact on immediate determinants
Dietary diversity of children
**
Health status of children
*
Impact on underlying determinants
Household food expenditure
***
Household food consumption and dietary diversity
***
Uptake in preventative health services
**
Water, sanitation and hygiene
*
Feeding behaviours and practices
*
Psychosocial care for children
*
Intra-household decision making
**
Intimate partner violence
**
Caregivers’ mental health
*
Strength of evidence:
* none or limited,
** growing,
*** moderate
adopted from De Groot et al., 2015,
and Fenn, 2017
Slide29Barriers
Slide30Most common approaches to integrate CVA in nut response
Based
on a
review
of
studies and opreational examples, five main appraoches to integrate CVA in nutrition response
were identified: 1. Using CVA modalities for household assistance and/or individual feeding assistanceCVA can be used for both components, with limitations for individual feeding
Household cash plus SNF (skill nursing facilities) promising; positive experience with FFV (Fresh food vegetables)
2.
Pairing household CVA and context-specific SBC (social & behavior change)
CVA modalities
that aim to contribute to nutrition outcomes
need to be accompanied
with context-specific SBC activities
Slide313. Providing conditional cash transfers to incentivize attendance to priority health services
CCTs can improve attendance and provide household income
4. Provide CVA to facilitate access to treatment services
frequently used to cover transport costs but poorly documented
5. Provide household CVA to caregivers of SAM children
CVA can improve treatment outcomes (reduce relapse and non-response to treatment, improve recovery), but anecdotal evidence for perverse incentive
Slide32Can be combined with each other and be a component of a broader nutrition response!
Example from Nigeria: Integrated Nutrition Response plus (INP+)
Slide33Steps to incorporate CVA into nutrition response
Step 1:
Determine whether CVA can contribute to nutrition outcomes
Step 2:
Determine the feasibility of CVA as part of a nutrition response
Step 3:
Determine and select response options and response modalities
Step 4:
Design the CVA component
Step 6:
Implement a
CVA component
Step 7:
Monitoring of a CVA component
Transversal issues:
Preparedness
Coordination
Information Management
Risk analysis and mitigation
Step 5:
Mobilize resources for the response
Slide34How to incorporate CVA into nutrition response
Step 1: Determine whether CVA can contribute to nut outcomes
Entry point: Demand-side economic barriers to adequate nutrition
Opportunities of nutrition assessment tools to contribute to an understanding of economic barriers
To be complemented by assessments from other sectors (FSL, health, WASH,
Prot
)
Step 2: Determine the feasibility of CVA
Market capacity and functionality for food and non-food items
Health and transportation services
Delivery mechanisms
Community considerations: preferences, safety, HH decision making, etc.
Additional: Acceptance of authorities, organizational capacity, risks, costs
Most information probably available (secondary info), consult with others!
Slide35How to incorporate CVA into nutrition response
Step 3: Determine and select response options and modalities
CVA does not change the way nutrition practitioners define objectives and select nutrition response options in order to address identified nutritional needs
Important economic barriers to the underlying determinants
feasible CVA modalities and approaches should be considered as part of response options analysis
Step 4: Design the CVA component
Targeting
Conditionality
Timing, duration and frequency
Expenditure basket and transfer amount
Slide36Step 5: Mobilize resources for the response
Step 6: Implement the CVA component
Step 7: Monitoring of the CVA component
Monitor nutrition outcomes largely depends on the
programme
objective and is as such not tied to the assistance modalityWhen CVA is provided to give access to healthy and diverse diet, move beyond HH level indicators and include indicators at individual level
Expenditure information important to collect (money spend on good and services relevant to nutrition outcomes?)
Slide37Crosscutting considerations
Preparedness
Coordination
Need to closely coordinate with CWG and other relevant sectors
CVA components as part of nutrition response should be coordinated by the nutrition cluster/sector
Information Management
CVA component of nutrition response should be reported under the nutrition cluster
Risk analysis and mitigation
CVA modalities are not ‘riskier’ that other modalities and most risks are not specific to CVA
Pay particular attention to protection risks
Slide38How to Apply a Nutrition Lens to a Cash-Based Response
Main focus: household cash transfers (including MPC)
Remember: Household cash transfers alone should not be expected to contribute to nutrition outcomes of individual household members.
However, different measures can be taken to increase the likelihood that they do:
Integrating context-specific SBC with household cash transfers
Appropriately reflecting nutrition in the minimum expenditure basket and transfer amount calculation
Choosing nutrition sensitive targeting criteria
Including nutrition objectives and indicators in the project design
Slide39Key messages
Look out for economic barriers to adequate nutrition
Consider CVA modalities if there are important economic barriers
Coordinate and collaborate among sectors and with CWG
Build
programmes based on a thorough understanding of context and current best practice
Build capacity of nutrition practitioners on CVA
Slide40Conditionalities
Conditional CVA require beneficiaries to undertake a specific action/activity (e.g. attending school) in order to receive assistance, whereas unconditional transfers are those that are given to beneficiaries without any specific requirements beyond eligibility
Slide41Conditional CVA
Advantages: They can overcome situations where households do not have full understanding of NUTRITION benefits, and lack information or interest in investing in education.
Slide42Conditional CVA
DisadvantagesConditionalities can undermine principles of human dignity, equity and non-discriminationMay further marginalise or penalise those most vulnerable to poverty and deprivation, who may be least likely to be able to comply with conditions due to distance, disability, discrimination, or language barriers
Conditionalities imply costly and sometimes unfeasible monitoring and compliance in humanitarian situations.
Slide43MEB
“
The Minimum Expenditure Basket (MEB) is defined as what a household requires in order to meet basic needs – on a regular or seasonal basis – and its average cost
.”
Slide44MEB basic training resource
https://kayaconnect.org/course/view.php?id=2615
Slide45Transfer value: Steps in Gap Analysis
Slide46Inclusion of Nutrition in MEB
Slide47Transfer value
Calculate transfer value in coordination with other humanitarian organisations providing cash transfers to affected population.If MEB exists and includes education costs, use it to calculate transfer value.
Calculate transfer value based on unmet needs. Further adjust the transfer
value based on programme objective, available budget and acceptability by governments and host populations.
When implementing
EiE-specific CVA, strive to provide it as a top-up to other cash assistance covering other basic needs to encourage households to use the EiE-specific CVA for its intended purpose.Factors to consider: Objective, HH capacities, CWG transfer value, transport prices, market trends, seasonality, timeframe, organization’s financial capacity…
Slide485W reporting
https://kayaconnect.org/course/info.php?id=3126
Slide49Protection Risks and
Benefits Analysis Toolhttps://www.calpnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/erc-protection-risks-and-benefits-analysis-tool-web.pdf
Slide50Decision tree
Slide51Social Protection
https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/system/files/presentation_-_unicef_s_social_protection_0.pdf
Slide52Inter-agency definition of social protection:
Social protection is “a set of policies and programs aimed at preventing or protecting all people against poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion throughout their lifecycle, with a particular emphasis towards vulnerable groups.Social protection address economic and social vulnerability
Slide53Slide54Social protection along the life -course
Slide55Video about SP
What is SP? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-kofA0aWk4What role can social protection systems play in responding to humanitarian emergencies? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHl38bb_cjs
Good Practice in Social Protection: Mapping Innovation for Practice and Policy
https://youtu.be/3I5pExeZATI
Slide56Lessons learned in SP (Government)
1) A legal basis and strong, long-term political support
in favour of social protection are the determining factors which ensure the continuity of social programmes, standardize procedures and regulations, promote the legitimacy of a change in institutional practices, and enhance efficiency at the political level (both horizontal and vertical) and at management level.
2) Institutional coordination
at the political level
should include a horizontal axe and a vertical axe:Horizontal, or intersectoral, coordination is achieved at the central government level between the ministries and institutions in charge of social protection and its funding.Vertical coordination between the different levels of government (federal, national, regional, and municipal) aims at ensuring coherence in the application of the policies and in the care offered to the beneficiaries.
3) Coordination at the political level should result in coherent and coordinated management practices. The coordination of management is a key element in obtaining an effective implementation and monitoring of the social protection schemes and programmes (thereby avoiding their duplication) and achieving “transparent, accountable and sound financial management and administration” The establishment of common criteria to identify the target population, such as the national definition of poverty and vulnerability based on common criteria, is the first step towards creating identification databases shared by the institutions and the different levels of government responsible for social programmes. The exchange of data between the institutions responsible for social protection programmes is essential for improving services for the beneficiaries and the mechanisms of monitoring and control
The establishment of an institutional network of national coverage, with local agencies or “one-stop services” as access points for beneficiaries to social benefits is a good practice to guide those living the farthest away from the institutional environment towards adequate social programmes.
Slide57Questions?
Slide58Resources (only some of them)
Nutrition and CBI Technical guidance to improve nutrition through cash-based interventions (FAO 2020)Abu Hamad, B., Jones, N., Samuels, F.,
Gercama
, I.,
Presler-Marshall, E., and Plank, G. (2017). A promise of tomorrow. The effects of UNHCR and UNICEF cash assistance on Syrian refugees in Jordan. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/5a1d1b7b4.pdf
Action Against Hunger (2012a). Meta-evaluation of ACF Fresh Food Voucher Programmes. Retrieved from: https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/publication/meta-evaluation-of-acf-fresh-food-voucher-programmes/Action Against Hunger (2017a). The use of nutrition vouchers to prevent malnutrition and improve the quality of diet. Learning Review. Retrieved from: https://knowledgeagainsthunger.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2.-The-use-of-nutrition-vouchers-to-prevent-malnutrition-and-improve-the-quality-of-diet.pdfAhmed, A., Hoddinott, J., and Roy, S. (2019). Food transfers, cash transfers, behaviour change communication and child nutrition. Evidence from Bangladesh. Retrieved from: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-transfers-cash-transfers-behavior-change-communication-and-child-nutrition-evidence
Aker, J., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A., and Tierney, N. (2014). Payment Mechanisms and Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from a Mobile Money Cash Transfer Experiment in Niger. Retrieved from: https://sites.tufts.edu/jennyaker/files/2010/02/Zap_-26aug2014.pdfBailey, S. (2008). Cash transfers for Disaster Risk Reduction in Niger: A Feasibility Study. Retrieved from: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4194.pdfBailey, S. (2013). The Impact of Cash Transfers on Food Consumption in Humanitarian Settings: A review of evidence. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/cfgb---impact-of-cash-transfers-on-food-consumption-may-2013-final-clean.pdf
Slide59Bastagli
, F., Hagen-Zanker, J., Harman, L., Barca, V., Sturge, G., Schmidt, T., and Pellerano, L. (2016). Cash transfers: what does the evidence say? A rigorous review of programme impact and of the role of design and implementation features. ODI. Retrieved from: https://www.odi.org/publications/10505-cash-transfers-what-does-evidence-say-rigorous-review-impacts-and-role-design-and-implementation
CaLP
(2019). Glossary. Retrieved from: http://www.cashlearning.org/downloads/calp-glossary-english.pdf
Cross, A.,
Manell, T., and Megevand, M. (2018). Humanitarian cash transfer programming and gender-based violence outcomes: evidence and future research priorities. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/genderandctpwrcirc.pdfECHO (2014). Infant and Young Children Feeding in Emergencies. Guidance for programming. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/media/publications/2014/toolkit_nutrition_en.pdf
UNICEF (2019). State of the World’s Children 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/sowc/UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank Group (2020). Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF / WHO / World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/jme-2020-editionVervers, M., Wambugu Muriithi, J., Burton, A., Wagacha Burton, J., and Oman Lawi
, A. (2019). Scurvy Outbreak Among South Sudanese Adolescents and Young Men – Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 2017–2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6803a4.htm
WFP (2019). Social and Behaviour Change Communication. Guidance Manual for WFP Nutrition. Retrieved from: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000102103/download/
Slide60Palermo, T. (2016). Cash transfers and fertility: new evidence from Africa. Retrieved from: https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/cash-transfers-and-fertility-new-evidence-from-africa/
Puett, C., Hauenstein
Swan, S., and Guerrero, S. (2012). Access for all - What factors influence access to community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition? Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/What-factors-influence-access-to-community-based-of-Puett-Guerrero/bbf5520a2a3b95110ad797faab10f79beb41127d
Ramírez-Silva, I., Rivera, J., Leroy, J., and Neufeld, L. (2013). The
Oportunidades
Program's Fortified Food Supplement, but Not Improvements in the Home Diet, Increased the Intake of Key Micronutrients in Rural Mexican Children Aged 12–59 Months. The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 143, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 656–663, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.162792Raza, W. (2017). (Accidentally) Harvesting higher hanging fruits: addressing under-5 malnutrition using the Graduation Approach. Policy in Focus, Volume 14, Issue No. 2. Retrieved from: https://ipcig.org/pub/eng/PIF39_Debating_Graduation.pdfRoelen, K., Devereux, S.,
Abdulai, A., Martorano, B., Palermo, R., and Ragno, L. (2017). How to Make ‘Cash Plus’ Work: Linking Cash Transfers to Services and Sectors, Innocenti Working Paper 2017-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/915-how-to-make-cash-plus-work-linking-cash-transfers-to-services-and-sectors.html
UNHCR (2018). Aligning humanitarian cash assistance with national social safety nets in refugee settings. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/5cc011417.pdf
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