Study Skills: Beyond Memorization - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Study Skills:Beyond Memorization

2. Studying for MemorizationWhen most students prepare for an exam, they focus on memory. They focus on the questions: How much can they remember? How accurately can they remember?They may use flashcards or test themselves on vocabulary terms.If they do poorly on an exam, many students feel like they didn’t remember enough, or that they didn’t remember accurately.

3. A Problem with Studying for MemorizationA key problem with studying for memorization is that most instructors don’t test for memorization. They often ask more difficult questions that require students to apply terms to specific situation or compare and contrast different terms.This means that a student who studied definitions is not well-prepared to answer the instructor’s test questions.

4. Memorization Isn’t BadMemorization is not a bad skill; indeed, students do need to memorize some terms.However, students do need to go beyond memorization in order to do well on college-level exams.

5. Thinking SkillsBelow, you will see a scale of different thinking skills. They are ordered from least to most difficultRemembering: Students can define a concept.Understanding: Students can explain a concept to others.Applying: Students can use the concept in a different situation.Analyzing: Students can distinguish this concept from other, similar concepts.Evaluating: Students are able to make good judgments about the concept.Creating: Students can construct new information based on the concept.

6. Sample: ApartheidStep 1: RememberingFirst, we must find the definition of “apartheid,” which is: “the former policy of the South African government designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites.”Next, we must memorize this term. We might, for example, use a flashcard with the word “apartheid” on one side and the definition on the other.Then, we might use our flashcards over several study sessions to make sure we’ve remembered the term.

7. Step 2: UnderstandingUnfortunately, many student stop at the memorization step. To really have a command of the term, we must work our way through several steps.In order to understand the information, students must be able to explain “apartheid” in their own words to someone else. They should also be able to answer “why” questions, such as “Why did the South African government institute apartheid?”

8. Step 2 SampleApartheid is a system the South African government used to use. Its purpose was to separate whites from non-whites. Its purpose was to give the white population greater power by restricting the movement of people of color and preventing them from voting.

9. Step 3: ApplyingIn order to apply information, students must be able to use their knowledge in a new situation.

10. Step 3 SampleBelow, you will see a quote by Nelson Mandela, South Africa’s first black President and a major opponent of apartheid.To apply our knowledge, we explain how Mandela’s quote relates to apartheid.“I dream of an Africa which is in peace with itself.”

11. Step 3 Sample (continued)Mandela’s quote relates to apartheid because it discusses groups within one geographical location fighting one another. In the case of apartheid, we would think specifically about South Africa and the struggles between the white and non-white population.“I dream of an Africa which is in peace with itself.”

12. Step 4: AnalyzingTo analyze, we must be able to distinguish between our concept and other, similar concepts.We should also be able to break the concept into parts and explain what those parts mean.

13. Step 4 SampleHere, we might ask, “how is apartheid different from segregation in the U.S.?”Category:Apartheid (South Africa)Segregation (United States)Restricted LocationsSpecific residential and business sections for each race.Other races were barred from living, operating businesses, or owning land in those areas.Races were separated in public places, such as schools, public transportation, parks, restaurants, etc.Upheld by local laws and U.S. Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson.VotingGovernment established African homelands called “Bantustans”It declared that all black South Africans were citizens of the Bantustans, not South AfricaPrevented black South Africans from voting.Right to vote secured by law in the 14th Amendment.Southern states created some laws to make voting difficult, such as a poll tax.African-American voters faced threats from white employers and the KKK.

14. Step 5: EvaluatingIn order to evaluate, you must be able to make judgments about the concept. You should be able to answer questions like, “Can I determine the best rationale, plan, solution, given the information?”

15. Step 5: SampleFor our sample concept, “apartheid,” you’ll want to ask more challenging questions than “is apartheid bad?”Instead, consider questions like, “how did apartheid damage interracial relations in South Africa?”

16. Step 6: CreatingStudents can blend the concept with other information, generating their own thoughts, ideas, viewpoints, and positions.Creating is focused on originality.Isn’t necessarily an art project, like “write a story about apartheid.”

17. Step 6 SampleYou can create knowledge through a variety of questions or projects, such as:Watch the film District 9. To what extent is the film a metaphor for apartheid?Compare/contrast apartheid to another system of racial segregation. Which system was more damaging for oppressed groups?What is the best way for healing racial tensions after the abolition of apartheid?

18. RecapAfter completing all six steps, we have a much deeper understanding of apartheid. We’d have an easier time answering questions about apartheid on a test or writing an essay on the topic.Memorization of the definition of apartheid is an important first step in learning about the concept, but we require further, deeper study to have significant comprehension.