11 th Grade Final Exam Review - PowerPoint Presentation

11th Grade Final Exam Review

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Literary and Rhetorical Terms

Figurative LanguageFigurative language = language that is not literal. It is used to express complex ideas and emotions.

AllusionReference to another work of literature or art, history, or current event.

Hyperbole Deliberate exaggeration/overstatement Example: “Her beauty could end wars.”

Understatement Framing something as less important for satiric or comic effect. To make light of something for a purpose. EXAMPLE: “The grave’s a fine and private place,/But none, I think, do there embrace.”

ImageryLanguage that appeals to the senses. Not just eyes! Descriptions of how something looks, tastes, feels, sounds, smells that helps readers experience what they read. “ I will speak daggers to her but use none!” - Hamlet

MetaphorA complex comparison that implies that one thing is another thing. EXAMPLE: Gatsby is a little tiny boat, paddling against the current in the closing lines of The Great Gatsby

AnalogyA comparison that helps a writer explain something in other terms. EXAMPLE: There is Mr. Marblehall’s ancestral home. It’s not so wonderfully large –it has only four columns –but you always look toward, the way you always glance into tunnels and see nothing.

IronyDramatic Irony  tension between what a character says or thinks and what the audience knows to be true. Situational Irony  the discrepancy between what you would expect and what actually happens. The opposite of what you’d think. Example: police stations gets robbed Verbal Irony  Sarcasm. Saying one thing, but meaning another.

Foreshadowing Future events are hinted at.

Point of ViewFirst person  I (uses the pronoun) Second person  You. Rare. It casts the reader as a character. Third person limited omniscient  He/she. Knows thoughts of one character. Third person omniscient  He/she. Knows the thoughts of all characters.

Diction (word choice) Connotation  meanings/associations readers have with a word beyond the dictionary definition. Denotation dictionary definition

ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but actually is not. Example: Without laws, we would have no freedom. We fight wars for peace.

Rhetorical Question A question asked in order to make a point rather than to collect information

SymbolSomething that carries more than its literal meaning. It represents something more significant.

Structure and FormTheme Plot Juxtaposition Chronology- sequence of events in time

Theme A statement (or two) or a question related to the human experience. NOT ONE WORD NOT A CLICHÉ Example: In some cases, under extreme injustice, shy and otherwise quiet people may actively rebel in order to stand up for themselves. Example: If people feel imprisoned because of the expectations of conformity, they may resort to violent rebellion. Example: Major changes can occur in a person without him or her realizing.

Plot: Inciting incident?

Plot

Juxtaposition Arranging two things side by side for contrast, suspense, or character development. Example: “To be, or not to be.”

Content

Intro to Rhetoric

Rhetoric What do you know about it?

“It’s merely rhetoric!” Rhetoric has a bad reputation To many people, the word rhetoric signals deception and trickery A politician wants to obscure a point An advertisement wants to manipulate a consumer “It’s just empty rhetoric” But this is not entirely true! Rhetoric does not deserve this!

Rhetoric: Plain and Simple Aristotle defined it as “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion ” What tools do I have to communicate my idea or my opinion?

Rhetoric is all around us! Conversation –even text messages! Movies TV shows Advertisements Books Body language Art We use it whether we’re conscious of it or not.  HOW??? HOW do I want to present this idea?

But if we’re conscious of it, we can use i t to our advantage  It can transform our speaking, reading, and writing. It can make us more able communicators and more discerning listeners.

The Rhetorical Triangle (Speaker)

The Rhetorical Triangle The hope is that what you say and write will be meaningful , purposeful , and effective . So, anyone creating a text/speech must consider three things…

1. The Purpose/The Subject The subject (the main thing or idea) and the kinds of evidence used to develop it.

2. Audience Who is the reader? Who is listening? What do I know about the audience? –their knowledge, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs

3. The Speaker The character of the rhetor How can the speaker use his or her personal character effectively? How do I want to present myself? As a victim? As an expert? As a friendly, open-minded person?

Lou Gehrig’s Speech

"Fans, for the past two weeks you have been reading about the bad break I got. Yet today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. I have been in ballparks for seventeen years and have never received anything but kindness and encouragement from you fans. "Look at these grand men. Which of you wouldn’t consider it the highlight of his career just to associate with them for even one day? Sure, I’m lucky. Who wouldn’t consider it an honor to have known Jacob Ruppert ? Also, the builder of baseball’s greatest empire, Ed Barrow? To have spent six years with that wonderful little fellow, Miller Huggins? Then to have spent the next nine years with that outstanding leader, that smart student of psychology, the best manager in baseball today, Joe McCarthy? Sure, I'm lucky. "When the New York Giants, a team you would give your right arm to beat, and vice versa, sends you a gift — that’s something. When everybody down to the groundskeepers and those boys in white coats remember you with trophies — that’s something. When you have a wonderful mother-in-law who takes sides with you in squabbles with her own daughter — that's something. When you have a father and a mother who work all their lives so that you can have an education and build your body — it's a blessing. When you have a wife who has been a tower of strength and shown more courage than you dreamed existed — that's the finest I know. "So I close in saying that I might have been given a bad break, but I've got an awful lot to live for. Thank you."

Subject (and main idea)? His life threatening illness The Yankees and baseball in general His career “I’m the luckiest man alive”

Audience His fans (They were shouting for him to speak!) His teammates His family Everyone in the stadium

Speaker? He presents himself as a common man, modest and glad for the life he’s lived. He’s not a polished orator, he’s a champion baseball player.

SOAPSTone : A Strategy for Reading and Writing Speaker Occasion Audience Purpose Subject Tone

Speaker He presents himself as a common man, modest and glad for the life he’s lived. It’s more than a name…

Occasion Gehrig delivered the speech between games of a doubleheader. It was two weeks after his diagnosis became public.

Audience His fans, teammates, and family

***Purpose*** To celebrate his athletic career and all of the other gifts that make him feel like the luckiest man alive. And to get back to work --to accept the challenges that lie before him. See how rhetoric can be sincere, too?

Subject His recent diagnosis The Yankees and baseball in general The things that make him feel lucky

Tone Tone = a speaker’s attitude (not to be confused with mood. Mood = the feeling created by the work) Let’s give it a try! …

Some positive words to describe tone: Lighthearted Confident Amused Complimentary Amiable Relaxed Soothing Jubilant Encouraging Elated Passionate Romantic Calm Appreciative Loving Brave Reverent Whimsical Proud Energetic Ecstatic Optimistic Cheery Friendly

Some positive words to describe tone: Lighthearted Confident Amused Complimentary Amiable Relaxed Soothing Jubilant Encouraging Elated Passionate Romantic Calm Appreciative Loving Brave Reverent Whimsical Proud Energetic Ecstatic Fanciful Cheery Friendly

11th - 12 th Grade Final Exam Review-Grammar

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Parallel Structure Definition/Rules Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."

Examples PARALLEL : Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle. NOT PARALLEL: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.

Exercises In the following pairs, one sentence has parallel structure, and the other sentence lacks parallel structure. Mark the CORRECT sentence. 1. A. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and loves everyone. B. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and caring. 2. A. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at 6:30 a.m., is eating dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m. B. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at 6:30 a.m., eats dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.

3. A. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate, but also he was his best friend. B. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate but also his best friend. 4. A. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your prescription, buy some shampoo, and to look for a notebook. B. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your prescription, to buy some shampoo, and to look for a notebook. Exercises

5. A. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job performance, evaluating my goals, and discussing my future with the company. B. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job performance, evaluating my goals, and my future with the company was also discussed. 6. A. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and unnecessary. B. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and should have been omitted. Exercises

Semicolon Rules

Semicolon Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. (An independent clause means it can stand alone as its own sentence.) Example : My aunt also had hairy knuckles; she loved to wash and comb them.

Semicolon Exercises: Where should they go? 1.  Take care of the children the adults can take care of themselves. 2.  There were two young elephants they needed to have the hairs trimmed out of their noses. 3.  It was ever so easy to build smoke stacks out of cardboard the hard part was keeping the smoke stacks from burning up. 4.  Irma was a very contented lady while she was swimming she always grinned. 

Subject/Verb Agreement Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs. Example: My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are mathematicians.

Exercises: Subject Verb Agreement 1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesn’t, don’t) have names; they have numbers.         2.   In the meeting between human and bear, a wild-card factor (throws, throw) all calculations and studies to the wind. 3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have) kept thorough records on each bear.         4.      When some bears (encounters, encounter) people, it is the bear who runs.

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement A Pronoun is a substitute for a noun. It refers to a person, place, thing, feeling, or quality but does not refer to it by its name. An antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers, understood by the context. Example: Although Sarah was shy, she managed to make a few friends.

Exercises: Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement During early rehearsals, an actor may forget (his or her, their) lines. The Washington team was opportunistic; (it, they) took advantage of every break. A person needs to see (his or her, their) dentist twice a year. The committee members put (its, their) signatures on the document. If any one of the sisters needs a ride, (she, they) can call me.

There, They’re, Their There = place They’re = they are Their = possession

There, They’re, Their Which of the following sentences uses the correct word choice for their/there/they’re? a) They couldn’t believe they forgot to call there parents. b) Their worried that their parents will be mad. c) They left they’re phones in the car. d) I only hope that Santa will bring my sons everything on their list.

Misplaced Modifiers Modifiers are just what they sound like—words or phrases that modify something else. Misplaced modifiers are modifiers that modify something you didn't intend them to modify. For example, the word only is a modifier that's easy to misplace. Only John hit Peter in the nose. John hit only Peter in the nose. John hit Peter only in the nose. John only hit Peter in the nose. Put ‘only’ as close as possible to the word it’s modifying.

EXAMPLES One morning I hugged an elephant in my pajamas. Fixed: One morning, wearing my pajamas, I hugged an elephant.

Misplaced Modifier Exercises The bus station was located by a river which was made of red brick. A fish was found in the Pacific Ocean that had been considered extinct. The cowboy was thrown by the bull in a leather vest. Sam asked me to go for a ride on the telephone.

Smoothly Embedding a quotation You need context before your quote. Advanced embedding means that you include your quote as part of your sentence. Example: The author says of the Boise School Library, “… in February 2010, it had 6,787 visitors” (Doerr 2).

You Try: Which one is done correctly? Vincent describes how one of his patients is “always trying to learn new vocabulary, but finds it extremely difficult” (Smith 3). In the article it says, “always trying to learn new vocabulary, but finds it extremely difficult” (Smith page 3).

Active vs. Passive Voice What is the active voice? It’s a form of sentence construction. In the most basic sentence, active-voice construction is: subject – verb – direct object . The subject “acts” on a direct object. In other words, in the active voice you identify an “actor” (for instance, a person or organization) and what the action is.

Active vs. Passive Voice What is the passive voice? In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon. Typically, the passive voice uses a verb phrase of the verb to be* plus by. Many writers, however, drop the “by” in the passive voice—so the reader does not know for sure who or what the actor is.

Active vs. Passive Voice Examples of passive voice: Seniors are covered . . . Medicines are distributed . . . Prices were increased . . . Candles are being lit . . . Songs were sung . . . You can mentally insert “by” to double check that these sentences are in the passive voice. “Medicines are distributed by the United Nations.” “Prices were increased by the health care insurers.”

Passive Voice Exercises 1. You are being watched by Big Brother Paradise was paved and a parking lot put up The sheriff was shot by me. A new nation was brought forth on this continent by our fathers.

Grammar Worksheet Review Smiling from ear to ear, Karen was obviously happy with Rick’s decision.