Perspectives from the Field and the University Setting Ashley Arnold MA LSSP NCSP Jennifer L Schroeder PhD LP LSSP NCSP Objectives Review legal and ethical guidelines for providing supervision ID: 375918
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Slide1
Best Practices in Supervision of School Psychologists:Perspectives from the Field and the University Setting
Ashley Arnold, MA, LSSP, NCSP
Jennifer L. Schroeder, PhD, LP, LSSP, NCSPSlide2
ObjectivesReview legal and ethical guidelines for providing supervision
Review effective techniques for supervision of practicum students, interns, and first-year
LSSPsSlide3
NASP Principles for Professional Ethics
Standard IV.4.2
“School psychologists who supervise practicum students and interns are responsible for all professional practices of the supervisee. They ensure that practicum students and interns are adequately supervised as outlined in the NASP Graduate Preparation Standards for School Psychologists. Interns and graduate students are identified as such, and their work is cosigned by the supervising school psychologist.”Slide4
NASP Principles for Professional EthicsStandard IV.4.3
“School psychologists who employ, supervise, or train professional provide appropriate working conditions, fair and timely evaluation, constructive supervision, and continuing professional development opportunities.”Slide5
NASP Principles for Professional EthicsStandard IV.4.4
“School psychologists who are faculty members at universities or who supervise graduate education field experiences apply these ethical principles in all work with school psychology graduate students. In addition, they promote the ethical practice of graduate students by providing specific and comprehensive instruction, feedback, and mentoring.”Slide6
Supervisor QualificationsTSBEP Rule 465.38(5)
Supervision may only be provided by a LSSP, who has a minimum of 3 years of experience providing psychological services in the public schools of this or another state. To meet supervisor qualifications, a licensee must be able to document the required experience by providing documentation from the authority that regulate the provision of psychological services in the public schools of that state…Slide7
Supervisor QualificationsTSBEP Rule 465.38(5)
(continued)…
…and proof that the licensee provided such services, documented by the public schools in the state in which the services were provided. Any licensed specialist in school psychology may count one full year as an intern or trainee as one of the 3 years of experience required to perform supervision.Slide8
Supervision Rules TSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
Interns as defined in
§463.9
of this title
Individuals who meet the training requirements of
§
463.9 of this title and who have passed the National School Psychology Examination at the Texas cutoff score or above and who have been notified in writing of this status by the Board. These individuals may practice under supervision in a Texas public school district for no more than one calendar year. They must be designated as trainees. Slide9
Supervision Rules TSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv) (continued)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
(iii) LSSPs for a period of one academic year following licensure unless the individual also holds licensure as a psychologist in Texas. This supervision may be waived for individuals who legally provided full-time, unsupervised school psychological services in another state for a minimum of 3 academic years immediately preceding application for licensure in Texas as documented by the public schools where services were provided and who graduated from a training program approved by NASP or accredited in school psychology by APA or who hold NCSP certification.
Slide10
Supervision Rules TSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv) (continued)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
(iv) LSSPs when the individual is providing psychological services outside his or her area of training and supervised experience. Slide11
Supervision Rules TSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(B)
(B) Nothing
in this rule applies to administrative supervision of psychology personnel within Texas public schools, performed by non-psychologists, in job functions involving, but not limited to, attendance, time management, completion of assignments, or adherence to school policies and procedures.Slide12
INTERNSHIP AND TRAINEE REQUIREMENTSSlide13
Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
(
c) M
inimum
of 1200 hours, of which 600 must be in a public
school
M
ust
be provided through a formal course of supervised study from a regionally accredited institution of higher education
S
upervised
by an individual qualified in accordance with Board rule §465.38 of this title (relating to Psychological Services in the Schools).
Internship
which is not obtained in a public school must be supervised by a licensed psychologist.
No
experience with a supervisor who is related within the second degree of affinity or within the second degree by consanguinity to the person, or is under Board disciplinary order, may be considered for specialist in school psychology licensure. Slide14
Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
Internships may not involve more than two sites (a school district is considered one site) and must be obtained in not less than one or more than two academic years.
These individuals must be designated as interns.
Direct, systematic supervision must involve a minimum of one face-to-face contact hour per week or two consecutive face-to-face contact hours once every two weeks with the intern. Slide15
Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
The internship must include direct intern application of assessment, intervention, behavior management, and consultation, for children representing a range of ages, populations and needs. Slide16
Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision
of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
(
1) the individual is enrolled in an
internship
,
practicum
or
other
site based
training
in a
school
psychology
program in a
regionally
accredited
institution
of higher education,
OR
Slide17
Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision
of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
(
2) the individual has completed an internship in a school
psychology program
in a regionally
accredited institution of higher
education
AND
has
an application for licensure as an LSSP pending
before
the
Board
AND
the
Board has not notified the applicant that he or she
does
not meet the training requirements for this licensure, Slide18
Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision
of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
OR
(3) the individual has been issued a trainee status letter by the Board. Slide19
Trainee Requirements TSBEP Rule 463.9 (f)
Trainee Requirements. An applicant for the specialist in school psychology license who meets all requirements, prior to taking and passing the Jurisprudence examination, may, in accordance with Board rule §465.38(4) of this title (relating to Psychological Services in the Schools), practice under supervision as a trainee for not more than one calendar year. Slide20
Qualifications and ObligationsSite Supervisors
Meet the NCSP credentialing requirements
Complete a minimum of 3 years’ supervised experience as a LSSP
Helpful if employed full time in the district
Knowledge that supervision takes considerable time
Possesses significant interpersonal skills
Familiar with basic ethical and legal responsibilities and requirements for field workSlide21
Qualifications and ObligationsUniversity Supervisors
Ensure university and state requirements are met
Serves as liaison between training site and university program
Develop a relationship with the site supervisor
Monitors appropriateness of site
Ensures the student is sufficiently competent to warrant licensure
Slide22
Qualifications and ObligationsUniversity Supervisors
Formal opportunities for students to compare notes, ask questions, and formulate conclusions
Makes site visits
If a student encounters difficulty, serves as both mediator and problem solver
Slide23
Clinical vs. Administrative SupervisionSlide24
Supervision Competencies (Dunsmuir & Leadbetter, 2010)Slide25
Clinical SupervisionClinical Supervisors:
Demonstrate and teach techniques and skills
Examine student work with supervisees
Help supervisees conceptualize cases
Assist supervisees as they design intervention strategies
Assist supervisees as they disaggregate and interpret dataSlide26
Clinical SupervisionClinical Supervisors:
Ensure that supervisees practice only within areas of professional competence
Help supervisees learn how to work with different types of people
Debrief supervisees after difficult or crisis situations
Provide second opinionsSlide27
Clinical SupervisionClinical Supervisors:
Help supervisees address their blind spots resulting from personal experiences
Provide training and professional development opportunities
Encourage induction into the profession via membership in professional organizationsSlide28
Supervisee Experience and Developmental Model (Ronnestad & Skovholt, 2003)
Expertise requires 5-7 years of
corrected
experience to develop
Lifelong, slow, continuous, erratic
Relationships have most impact on development, not workshops
What to expect…the development of competenceSlide29
Supervisee Experience and Developmental Model (Ronnestad & Skovholt
, 2003)
Six stages of professional growth
Lay helpers – sympathetic, advice giving, low emotional regulation
Beginning student – rely heavily on supervisors, highly anxious
Advanced students/interns – Excessively thorough, conflicts during supervision are common due to trying to assert themselves
Novice professionals – Explore their roles, become disillusioned
Experienced professionals – lack of interest in professional development
Senior professionals – increased sense of reality in terms of what they can accomplishSlide30
Developmental Stages Model (Benner, 1984; Stoltenberg et al., 1998)
Focuses on cognitive changes with the practitioner
Five stages
Novices – Rule-governed, “know about” not “how to,” anxious, focus on skill acquisition
Advanced beginners – Begin to take into account context, concerned with learning and mastering techniques
Competence – Less preoccupied with own performance, engage in planning and goal setting
Proficiency – Reflect and integrate
Experts – Intuitive, efficientSlide31
Developmental SupervisionALL school psychologists are novices when they encounter situations with which they have no experience
Need to match style with stage at which supervisee is
Novice – needs close supervision, encourage, suggest, integrate
Advanced beginner – give more autonomy, introduce alternative views, provide comments on processes, use tapes, role plays, etc.
Competent – let supervisees lead supervision, case-based
Proficient and expert –supervision helps maintain and upgrade skill, supervising supervisors Slide32
Administrative Supervision
Administrative Supervisors:
Provide leadership
Recruit and hire
Delegate assignments
Conduct formal personnel evaluations
Design corrective action
Take ultimate responsibility for services provided by superviseesSlide33
Can a person be both clinical and administrative supervisor?Slide34
Example of MOU between University and School DistrictSlide35
Rationales for SupervisionSkill MaintenanceSkill Improvement and Expansion
Professional Development
Reduced Stress
Enhanced AccountabilitySlide36
Challenges in Supervising School Psychological ServicesEvaluation Procedures
Supervisory Structures
Lack of Supervision Training
Only 11% of supervisors have supervision training (Ross &
Goh
, 1993)
What kinds of things would training need to include (develop an idea of what you might need)? Slide37
Training SupervisorsWorkshops, Informal Self-Study, and Peer Supervision Networks
NASP has an online forum for supervisors
University-Run Training for Field Supervisors
Formal Coursework in Supervision or AdministrationSlide38
Supervisor CharacteristicsPersonal Characteristics
Integrity
Secure Attachment Styles
Sufficient Cognitive Development
Mentally healthy
Sensitive and responsive to multicultural issues
Motivation
Leadership Skills
Delegation SkillsSlide39
Theoretical Orientation and Supervision Models
Psychodynamic – focuses on developing relationships
Person-centered – focuses on developing UPR, congruence, empathy and warmth
Behavioral and cognitive behavioral – focuses on teaching appropriate skills and behaviors
Constructivism – construction of stories that influence future behavior
Discrimination model – focuses on matching supervisee needs and supervisor skills
Integrative approaches –combines multiple approaches Slide40
Supervisor Role and Style (Hart & Nance, 2003)
High
Direction
Low
High
Support
Low Slide41
Learning Principles
Provide experiential learning
Provide collaborative and interactive learning
Focus on important information
Tie new information to known information
Space and repeat learning trials
Incorporate corrective feedback
Encourage the monitoring of learning
Ensure comprehension
Foster self-regulation and self-appraisal of learningSlide42
Supervision GoalsReconcile your goal with the supervisee’s goals early
Write it down (may include in supervision contract)
Treat similar to treatment goals
Begin each supervision session with a working agendaSlide43
Supervision FormatIndividualIndividual within a small group
Group (4-8 supervisees)
Peer
Collaborative work
Mixed formatSlide44
Technology & SupervisionEmailEnsure confidentiality
Watch nonverbal cues (e.g., ALL CAPS)
Telephone
VideoconferencingSlide45
Helpful Tips Have LSSP call parent prior to testing and review informed consent, including informing parent of training status
Sign in blue ink
Maintain copy of trainee letter
Field Supervisor EvaluationSlide46
Helpful TipsSTRUCTURE!!!
Regular intervals of evaluation
Scheduled time weekly for supervision
Same day, same time
Documentation of supervision time
App: Hours Tracker
Structured FormsSlide47
Helpful TipsDevelop a handbook for new supervisees
List materials you would want to include
Set goals based on personal interests and developing competencies
Proactive interns are persistent with their supervisors
Adapt with flexibility
Think criticallySlide48
Helpful Tips Handout 1.1 Field Supervisor Competencies
Handout 2.1 Supervisory Strategies to Meet Supervisees’ Psychological Needs
Handout 2.2 Strategies to Reduce Supervisee Anxiety
Handout 14.8 School Psychology Position Interview Questions
Handout 15.15 Intern Evaluation of Internship
Handout 15.17 Supervisor EvaluationSlide49
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSWho’s responsibility is it to ensure the practicum student/intern/trainee can practice?
Licensees
ensure that their
supervisees have legal
authority to
provide psychological
services
in
adherence
to
Board
rules.
TSBEP Rule 465.2(b)Slide50
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSDo I have to document the supervision in writing?
Yes!
Licensees shall document their
supervision
activities in writing.
TSBEP Rule 465.2(e)Slide51
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSSigning Reports
____________________
Kid Rock, School Psychology Practicum Student
Supervised by
:
_____________________
Mick
Jagger
,
MA, LSSP
______________________
Derek Holland, LSSP Trainee
______________________
Nolan Ryan, MA, LSSP, NCSP
LSSP SupervisorSlide52
ReferencesSmith Harvey, V.
&
Struzziero
, J. A. (2008).
Professional Development and Supervision of School Psychologists
(Second ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: National Association of School Psychologists and Corwin Press
.
Douglas,
K.
&
Valsamis
(2013). Making the Most of Supervision.
Communiqu
e
,
41
(8).