DRUG use in Belgian - PowerPoint Presentation

DRUG use in Belgian nightlife Tina Van Havere Michaël Hogge www.eurotox.org

–UNODC, 2016

The sources of data In Belgium authorNmean Agemale resp.in the field online date Nightlife study of VADRosiers et al., 201677025,5> 55%xSummer 2015Global Drug SurveyWinstock et al., 201878925,14> 70%xWinter 2017-2018ALAMAHauspie et al., 2018131622,670%x (limited)xMay 2017-October 2017Safe ‘n SoundOnsia et al., 20186772370%x (clients)2017Modus VivendiModus Vivendi & Eurotox, 2018± 1000 per year±23±55%x (clients)2005 to 2017 GDS and ALAMA: more than 75% Flemish / Flanders ALAMA: Understanding the dynamics and consequences of young adult substance use pathways, a longitudinal and momentary analysis in the European nightlife scene

Last year use ofVADGDSALAMAS’nSAlcohol 95,795,496,4 94,3 Cannabis 33 51,2 58,7 72,6 MDMA/XTC21,733,732,656,1Cocaine12,324,623,538,2Amphetamines8,511,413,123,6GHB1,62,52,86,3Ketamine4,917,116,033,84FA-0,62,45,72CB(0,9)8,6-16,1LSD2,610,78,114,8Magic Mushrooms4,112,310,613,8

Evolutions in drug use AlcoholStar of the night over the years in every surveyCannabisDecrease and stabilisation in the last years in the VAD surveyXTC/MDMADecrease in 2009 and in 2015 double as high in the VAD survey Increase over the years in GDS and now stabilisation (2017-2018)KetamineIncrease in VAD survey and GDS

Evolutions in drug use AmpethaminesFluctuates in GDSMagic mushroomsIncrease over the years in GDSCocaineIncrease over the years in GDS2CBIncrease over the years in GDS

New trends?Purchasing through the darknetFor own consumption: 3% in the last 12 months1,4% yes, but not in the last 12 months 57,2% no, neverMDMA, CannabisNPS (cf. protective factor of illegal drug market) Ever used 6,1% Last year 3,7%

The situation In Wallonia and Brussels (french speaking part)No scientific based survey on drug use in nightlife settings/festivalsData collected during harm reduction interventions (by Modus Vivendi) Self- reported use in a limited number of events Prevelence of drug use in nightlifePattern of use of people reached by harm reduction in nightlifeNightlife publicDrug usersSample

Drug use habits in nightlife During the event(%) Usually in nightlife Never (%) Sometimes (%) Often(%)Alcohol62,414,621,464,0Cannabis41,738,5 27,2 34,3 MDMA/XTC 21,4 56,6 33,2 10,2 Amphetamine 16,2 66,9 24,9 8,3 Cocaine 12,4 68,0 25,4 6,6 Benzodiazepine 4,9 86,8 10,0 3,1 Ketamine 7,9 79,9 13,8 6,3 Magic mushrooms4,971,725,82,5LSD6,477,019,23,8Research chemicals2,787,310,52,2GHB1,694,24,61,1Heroine and derivates1,595,53,51,0 ± 15 events/year in Wallonia and Brussels from 2013 to 2017: N=5065 Most frequent Also frequent Not so infrequent ...

Trends of Drug use during the event (3 festivals)   2005 (N=275)% 2006 (N=179) % 2007 (N=307) % 2008 (N=1247)%2009 (N=513)%2010 (N=334)%2011 (N=450)%2012 (N=386)%2013 (N=751)%2014 (N=720)%2015 (N=452)%2016 (N=768)%2017 (N=530)%Alcohol72,0 63,7 67,8 73,4 71,9 76,6 73,8 65,5 67,8 66,0 68,4 66,3 61,9 Cannabis 53,1 39,1 48,5 55,5 48,9 56,0 51,8 37,8 48,3 47,9 48,2 50,4 46,4 Ecstasy/MDMA 18,98,910,112,57,217,710,97,817,317,330,529,632,5Amphetamine13,56,710,710,59,921,014,26,714,214,421,217,319,2 Cocaine6,9 1,1 7,8 8,1 8,0 13,5 5,8 3,6 8,3 10,8 18,1 18,0 26,2 LSD 6,20,62,63,43,17,86,22,34,56,510,27,711,5Magic mushrooms9,55,08,86,45,87,86,04,45,76,78,06,97,2Benzodiazepine4,41,12,93,44,53,94,02,83,33,87,56,06,2Research chemicals // / / / / / / 3,12,33,13,63,2Ketamine1,11,10,71,11,26,91,11,85,53,112,411,815,8GHB1,50,00,71,00,61,51,10,50,71,32,22,72,3Heroine and derivates0,70,01,01,11,21,80,40,51,31,01,12,20,4 To explore trends: only recurrent events  3 eclectic music festivals

Trends of Drug use during the event (3 festivals) No change/ minor change for alcohol and cannabis

Trends of Drug use during the event (3 festivals) No change/ minor change for psychedelics and NPS

Trends of Drug use during the event (3 festivals) No change/ minor change for depressants, except for ketamine

Trends of Drug use during the event (3 festivals) Increasing trends for stimulants use ! Treatment demand for stimulants use in Belgiqum in sentinel centresAllFirst demandsSource: SciensanoSource: Sciensano

PolyDrug use in nightlife Frequent polydrug use during the event for people reached by harm reduction Increase of polydrug use during the event in 3 festivals(2013-2017; N=5065)

PolyDrug use during the event (2013-2017; N=5065) Alcohol CannabisSpeed MDMA/XTC Cocaine Benzo Ketamine GHB LSD RCHeroinAlcohol38,7%14,1%18,5%11,3%4,0%6,7%1,1%5,4%2,2%1,0%Cannabis 11,7% 15,8% 8,9% 3,5% 6,0% 1,0% 4,7% 1,8% 1,0% Speed 10,5 % 6 ,8 % 2,5% 4,6% 1,0% 3,4% 1,7% 0,8% MDMA/XTC 8,7% 2,7% 5,6% 1,2% 4,4% 2,1%1,0%Cocaine1,9%4,0%0,8%3,0%1,4%0,7%Benzo1,5%0,7%1,2%1,0% 0,7%Ketamine 1,1% 2,9% 1,6% 0,9% GHB 0,9% 0,8% 0,8% LSD 1,3% 0,8% RC 0,7% CautionDangerousUnsafeBased on TripSitDrug combinations are 2 X higher in festivals than in one day/night event !2 by 2 drug combinations during the event

Other related concerns in nightlife (2013-2017; N=5065)Route of administration During the event (%) Ususally in nightlife Never (%) Sometimes(%)Often(%)Injection1,098,01,40,6Snorting24,1 53,6 28,3 18,1 Sharing among snorters / 45,1 37,9 17,0 Water consumption amongst frequent MDMA users (N=491) Ususally in nightlife Never (%) Sometimes(%)Often(%)Always(%)Water intake5,916,527,949,7Alcohol/drug users who planned to drive a car to go back home : 14%Frequent adulteration of illegal substances ...

PErspectives Prevention and harm reduction currently limited in nightlife in Belgium (i.e. budget, legal basis and ideology) Collaboration needed at several levels: organizers , local authorities ( politics , police) and other partners during the event (red cross,...):Label strategy (Quality Nights) also helps to improve nightlife health issues Prevention outside nightlife also needed