I nfant M ortality R ate - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

I

nfant Mortality Rate Among African Americans as Compared to the General Population in Massachusetts

KYLEE CARDOSO, KARINA DESOUSA, NADA LAROUSSI

1

Source: Google imagesSlide2

DEFINITION OF INFANT MORTALITY RATE

Infant Mortality- the death of a baby before its first birthdayInfant Mortality Rate- the number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live birthsInfant Mortality can be further categorized as:NeonatalPostneonatalIn 2013, 74% of infant deaths occurred during the neonatal period, while 26% of infant deaths occurred during the postneonatal period, in Massachusetts. 2

Source: Google imagesSlide3

WHAT IS A HEALTH DISPARITY?

“The differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States.”3Source: Google imagesSlide4

4

Source: Google imagesSource: MassCHIP (2013)Slide5

CAUSES OF INFANT MORTALITY

Environmental factors during gestation affect the health of newbornsMother who smokes, drinks alcohol, abuses drugs, and/or does not receive adequate prenatal care can all affect a newborn’s chances of survival.The Massachusetts Child Fatality Review Program Report of 2013-2014 determined the leading causes of Infant Mortality to be:Short Gestation/Low birthweightCongenital MalformationsMaternal ComplicationsSudden Infant Death Syndrome

5

Source: Google imagesSlide6

Prenatal & Postnatal Care

Objectives: risk assessment, health education, and psychological support. Appointments last 10-15 minutes.Patients are often referred to childbirth classes, other social and psychological classes, and/or nutritional services. Postnatal care typically consist of 3 visits. 6Slide7

POSSIBLE

CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITYExposure to stressorsRacism and discriminationShown to increase chronic stress and negative health consequences in African American women.Socioeconomic CausesEnvironmental factorsAfrican Americans often live in poorer neighborhoods and lack adequate health care.ObesityPrepregnancy obesity has been linked to infant mortality and stillbirth.African Americans are 1.5 times more obese than Caucasians.Source: Google images

Source: Poverty in Massachusetts by Race (2011)

7Slide8

Boston University’s School of Public Health claims that

“Compared to babies born to women with normal pre-pregnancy weights, the risk of infant death was 32 percent higher for mothers in the obese I category and 73 percent higher for those in the obese III category, even after controlling for demographic and medical risk factors.” 8Source: Google imagesSource: Mass.gov (2014)Slide9

Women, Infants and Children Nutrition Program (WIC)

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health (2011)Source: Benefits.gov9Slide10

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health (2011)

10Slide11

11

Source: Google imagesSlide12

INEQUALITIES

In 2015, out of a total of 636 total medical school graduates (MD only) in Massachusetts, 368 were Caucasian, while only 27 were African American.Long history of medical system’s abuseAfrican American women often feel mistrust and anxiety towards medical professionals.History of forced sterilizations on African American women in US.During pregnancy, African American women have been denied treatment.12Source: Google imagesSlide13

PREVENTION

National Healthy Start AssociationFood, Health & Well-Being ProgramThe Baby-Friendly Hospital InitiativeCentering PregnancyBoston-based healthcare institute that encourages pregnant women to choose health promoting behaviors & offers a peer support system.13

Source: Google imagesSlide14

POSSIBLE PREVENTIONS

Health Care providers should make patients aware of ways they can prevent infant mortality, which include:Managing chronic illnessesRefraining from use of alcohol or drugsEating wellReducing stressMaintaining prenatal care14Source: Google images

Source: Google imagesSlide15

SUPPORT FOR PARENTS EXPERIENCING GRIEF

The Massachusetts Center for Unexpected Infant and Child DeathHealth care professionals are from diverse backgrounds and speak multiple languagesTrained in cultural awareness and sensitivityProvide crisis counselingProvide preliminary autopsy informationOffer home visitsSend condolence letter to familyInform parents of support group meetings15

Source: Google imagesSlide16

CONCLUSION

By 2050 it is predicted that 56% of the adolescent population in the US will be made up of African Americans, Latino/Hispanics, Alaskan Natives/Native Americans, and/or Asian/Native Hawaiians.Due to the increase in diversity by 2050 along with preventative measures that are continuing to raise awareness, there is hope for a significant decline in the infant mortality rate disparity between African Americans and the general population. 16Source: Google imagesSlide17

QUESTIONS?

17Source: Google imagesSlide18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albelda, R., Cadet, F., and Mei, D. (2011). Poverty In Massachusetts by Race. Center for Social Policy Publications. Retrieved June 20, 2017.Christopher, G. C. (2013). Improving Birth Outcomes Requires Closing the Racial Gap. American Journal of Public Health, 104(1). 10-12. Retrieved June 11, 2017.D. (2009, April 01). Health Status Indicators. Retrieved June 12, 2017, from http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/masschip/health-status-indicators.htmlHause, J. (2011). 2011 Pregnancy Data Report (pp. 1-59, Rep.). Boston, MA: CDC/Massachusetts WIC.Infant Mortality Awareness Campaign. (2016). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from http://www.nationalhealthystart.org/site/assets/docs/IMA_FactCard%20(2)%2007_29_2016.pdf. James Jennings, et al., Blacks in Massachusetts: Comparative Demographic, Social and Economic Experiences with Whites, Latinos, and Asians, Prepared for the Trotter Institute, University of Massachusetts, Boston and the John D. O'Bryant Institute, Northeastern University (December 2015)Lemon, L. S., Naimi, A. I., Abrams, B., Kaufman, J. S., Bodnar, L. M. (2016). Prepregnancy Obesity and the Racial Disparity in Infant Mortality.

The Obesity Society, 24(12). 2578-2584. Retrieved June 11, 2017.Massachusetts Births 2013. (2014). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/research-epi/birth-report-2013.pdf

Matthews, T. J., MacDorman, M. F.,

and Thomas, M. E. (2015). Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2013 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set.

National Vital Statistics Reports,

64

(9), 1-30. Retrieved June 11, 2017

Massachusetts Department of Public Health.

Health of Massachusetts

. Boston, MA; April 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2017.

National Center for Health Statistics, final mortality data, 1990-1994 and period linked birth/infant death data, 1995-present. Retrieved June 12, 2017, from www.marchofdimes.org/peristats.

Nields, H. M., & Pavlos, C. (2015). Mass Fatality Management Overview.

Mass Fatality Management Concise Field Guide,

1-6. doi:10.1201/b14976-2

1

8Slide19

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Novick, G. (2009). Women's Experience of Prenatal Care: An Integrative Review. NIH Public Access. Retrieved June 21, 2017.Rosenthal, L., Lobel, M. (2011). Explaining racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Unique sources of stress for Black American women. Social Science & Medicine, 72. 977-983. Retrieved June 11, 2017.Satcher, D., Pamies, R. J., & Woelfl, N. N. (2011). Multicultural medicine and health disparities. New York: McGraw Hill ProfessionalThe Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2013). Health Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act (pp. 1-12, Publication). Washington DC: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.Our Services. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from http://www.magriefcenter.org/our-services-1/Racism and Discrimination. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2017, from http://www.healthygreaterworcester.org/racism-and-discriminationReproductive Birth Outcomes. (2016, October 26). Retrieved June 12, 2017, from https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showRbInfantMortalityEnv19