Neurobiology I – Bio 334 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Neurobiology I – Bio 334

Suhita Nadkarni (suhita@iiserpune.ac.in)Raghav Rajan (raghav@iiserpune.ac.in)Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 amThursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm

01st August 2013

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Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide2

What is neurobiology?

Scientific study of the nervous system (Wikipedia)Many different sub-areas and sub-categories01st August 20132Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide3

Why study neurobiology?

Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears - Hippocrates (400 BC)If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we’d be so simple that we couldn’t - Ian Stewart (mathematician)

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Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide4

History of Neuroscience

Gives an interesting perspective01st August 20134Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide5

Early neurosurgery - Trephination or Trepannation

– as early as 6500 BCSkulls discovered in France had holes in them (about 40/120)To treat injuries, migraines, epilepsy, etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning

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Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide6

Ancient Egyptians did not consider the brain important

Yet, early references to the brain by them in 1700 B.C.Possibly by Imhotep (Mummy fame!), great Egyptian surgeonReferences in the Edwin-Smith surgical papyrus of patientshttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html

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Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide7

Case 6: A gaping wound in the head, fracture of the skull and opening of the

meninges

. This case describes the:

Convolutions of the brain

 - the author of the papyrus describes these "like those corrugations which form molten copper." This most likely refers to the wrinkled appearance of the brain created by the

gyri

and

sulci

of the brain.

"Corrugations" of the Brain

Meninges

(coverings of the brain)

 - described as the membrane enveloping the brain.

"Membrane" enveloping the Brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

 - described as the fluid in the interior of the head.

"Fluid" in the Interior of the Head

Case 6 was

"An ailment not to be treated."

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html

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Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide8

Ancient Greeks divided in their opinion

Mind-body dualismThe mind and body are separateWhat is mind? No matter. What is matter? Never mind.George Berkeley (Irish philosopher)01st August 20138

Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of NeuroscienceSlide9

Brain or cephalocentric hypothesis started around ~550 B.C.

Pythagorus, Alcmaeon of CrotonStudied visionConcluded that the eyes are light bearing paths to the brainEyes have light (phospenes) and water (dissection)01st August 2013

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http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.htmlSlide10

Hippocrates – theory of humors

Human beings have a soul and a bodyBody made up of 4 substances or humorsBalance of the humors is important for good health01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

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http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.htmlSlide11

Hippocrates like Alcmaeon

believed the brain to be the seat of intelligenceSeat of intelligenceController of senses, emotion, movement, etc…. (the works)Correctly diagnosed epilepsy, etc. as disorders of the brainAlso recognised that paralysis occurred on the side opposite to the side with damage01st August 2013

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http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdfSlide12

Aristotle turns the clock back – “learning by heart”

Heart is the seat of intelligenceBrain, lungs are all for cooling the heartREASONSHeart develops firstIs present in all organismsIs connected to all senses01st August 2013

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http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdfSlide13

Galen – puts us back on course

Very interesting observationsSensory fibres – softer – for sensory experienceMotor fibres - firmer – for actionSimilarly – cerebrum is soft and so is sensoryCerebellum – hard – must control motor functionCerebrum – soft, can be moulded – must therefore store memories

Three lefts make a right and A few wrongs can also make a right!

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen

http

://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.htmlSlide14

Brain and nerves – part of a larger plumbing system controlled by the pineal gland

Animal spirit (liquid + air)Brain a large clot of phlegmDescribed ventricles in great detail01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

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http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit10Background/GalenPhysio.htmlSlide15

Cell doctrine – ventricles and intelligence

Nemesius and St. Augustine (130 – 200 A.D.)Anterior ventricle – “common sense”Middle ventricle – actionPosterior ventricle - memory 01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

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http://

schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.htmlSlide16

Andreas Vesalius, using anatomy discredited the ventricular theory

Other mammals like the ass have the same organisationVentricles store animal spirits01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

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http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.htmlSlide17

Descartes – Pineal gland controls all the plumbing

Small filaments that can be controlled by external stimuli01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience17

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.htmlSlide18

Pineal gland controls sleep and waking by controlling the flow of animal spirits

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http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.htmlSlide19

A lot of careful anatomy, observations of white matter, gray matter, etc.

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Luigi Galvani - bioelectricity

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http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_GalvaniSlide21

Localization of function within the brain - Phrenology

Frafz Josef GallBumps on the head related to various functions01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience21

http://

www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html

http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htmSlide22

Purkinje cells – described by Purkinje

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https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Purkinje

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cellSlide23

Flourens – uniform function throughout brain

Through ablations suggested that the whole brain was equivalent01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience23

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.htmlSlide24

Broca – localized function returns

Wernicke supports ideaBroca’s aphasia – patient could only say “Tan”Wernicke’s aphasia – patient spoke nonsense01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

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http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.htmlSlide25

Localization set in stone – Broadmann areas

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http://

www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_BrodmannSlide26

Golgi and Cajal – the neuron doctrine – Nobel prize in 1906

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi

https

://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_CajalSlide27

Penfield – homunculus – Grandmother cell

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http://

www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html

https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield

http://teddysratlab.blogspot.in/2011/07/curious-things-we-learned-from-epilepsy.htmlSlide28

And now – Karl Deisseroth –

optogenetics Science fiction becomes reality01st August 2013Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience28