and Systems Short Video 2015 Coast Flight Training All Rights Reserved httpswwwyoutubecomwatchvNtVCaIuDOcA Reciprocating Engines 2015 Coast Flight Training All Rights Reserved ID: 460520
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Slide1
Powerplant and SystemsSlide2
Short Video
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtVCaIuDOcASlide3
Reciprocating Engines
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Radial
Horizontally Opposed
V-mounted
Inline MountSlide4
Engine Principles
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Turn chemical energy into mechanical energy
Ignition by spark
Ignition by compression
PV =
nRTSlide5
Cylinder Parts
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide6
Intake Phase
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Piston starts downward travel
Air/Fuel mixture is drawn
cylinderSlide7
Compression Phase
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Intake Valve Closes
Piston starts upward travel
Air/Fuel mixture is now compressedSlide8
Power Phase
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The Air/Fuel mixture is ignited
Ignition creates an explosion
P
ressure forces the piston downwardSlide9
Exhaust Phase
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Purges cylinder of burned gas
Exhaust valve opens
Phase repeatsSlide10
Propeller
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Rotating airfoil that provides thrust or power
Similar to how a wing produces lift
Change in propeller blade angleSlide11
Why Change in Angle?
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Outside is spinning faster than inside
Therefore, creating more lift (or power)
The angle is “Angle of Incidence”Slide12
Fixed Pitch Propeller
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Two types:
Climb Propeller
Cruise Propeller
Climb has lower pitch, lower drag
Cruise has higher pitch, higher drag
Inefficiencies need to be traded offSlide13
Fixed Pitch Propeller
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Controlled by a Throttle
Viewed directly off of the Tachometer
Engine and Propeller Limitations on the Tachometer itselfSlide14
Constant Speed Propeller
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Choose the angle of the propeller for condition of flight
Control the angle with a governor
Has a separate control between the throttle and the mixtureSlide15
Induction Systems
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Brings air from
outside
Mixes with air/fuel
Brings to the cylinder for combustion
Two types:
Carburetor
Fuel
InjectionSlide16
Carburetor
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Mixes the air and fuel in a carburetor (chamber) before mixture enters the intake manifold
Two types:
Pressure type – not found on small aircraft
Float typeSlide17
Float-Type Carburetor
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Air flows through air filter
Filtered air goes through venture
Venturi
creates low pressure
Low pressure pulls fuel
Air/Fuel mixture to intake manifold
Then to combustion chamberSlide18
Disadvantages of Float-Type Carburetor
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Manuevering
Low pressure leads to incomplete vaporization
Difficulty in discharging in supercharged systems
Icing tendencySlide19
Carburetor
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide20
Carburetor Icing
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Faster air flow at
venturi
Decrease in Pressure
= Decrease in Temperature
Vaporization of fuel is incomplete
Ice forms around venture valveSlide21
Carb Icing
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide22
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide23
Mixture Control
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Increase in Altitude = decrease in density of air
Density of fuel remains the same
We must change the volume of the fuel being added
Otherwise:
loss of power (too rich)
Spark plug fouling (excessive carbon buildup)Slide24
Proper Leaning Techniques
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Lean for either best power or best economy
Best power
Wanted in a situation where power is more important than fuel consumption
Best
economy
Wanted
in a situation where fuel consumption is more important than
power
Become familiar with leaning techniques in 4.27 of POH
Stop and Read with the StudentsSlide25
Carburetor Heat
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Anti-Icing System that preheats air before it reaches the carburetor
Next to throttle quadrant on right side
Lower the lever to engage
Use as preventative measure first
Can also be used as a way of ridding ice
Can also be used if intake filter cloggedSlide26
Carburetor Heat (Cessna v. Piper)
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Pipers POH (4.29)
“Carburetor heat should not be applied unless there is an
indication
of carburetor icing, since the use of carburetor heat causes a reduction in power which may be critical in case of a go-around.”
“Full throttle operation with carburetor heat can cause detonation.”
Cessna POH
Always add Carburetor Heat below 2000 RPMSlide27
Ignition Systems
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Spark is provided to ignite the fuel air system
Spark is supplied by two engine-driven magnetos
Note that this is completely independent of the electrical system
Unlike a carSlide28
Dual Ignition Systems
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Two spark plugs to each cylinder
One on top, One on bottom
Two magnetos
Supply individual spark plugs
Used as a fail safe if things go wrong
Ignition switches Archer 2:
Off, Right, Left, Both, Start
Ignition switches Archer 3:
Off, Right Left, Both
Starter is separateSlide29
Ignition System Start/Shutdown
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During start, only use right magneto
(Left Magneto is grounded anyway on both switch)
Always leave ignition on both until engine is stopped
Hydro-Locking the EngineSlide30
Oil System
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Functions:
Lubrication
Cooling
Sealing
Carrying away contaminantsSlide31
Wet or Dry Sump
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Wet Sump
Located in a sump that is part of the system
Dry Sump
Oil contained in a separate tank that is circulated by pumpsSlide32
Wet Sump System
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide33
Engine Cooling
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Air Cooled
Air flows directly over the engine
Engine must act as a heat sink
Notice the fins
Liquid Cooled
Just like a car
Radiator must be suppliedSlide34
Engine Too Hot
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Always reduce power
If altitude allows, richen the mixture
Find a place to land and investigateSlide35
Exhaust
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Exhaust Manifold
May supply the heating to the aircraft
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning is rare, but possibleSlide36
Fuel System
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Only Use 100 (Green) or 100LL (Blue)
Greater may be used but only in a pinch
Two separate tanks
Must choose these tanks via a selector
Unlike a Cessna where both can be selected at one timeSlide37
Fuel System Diagram
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide38
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide39
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.Slide40
Electrical System
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Archer 2: 14 Volt, 60 amp alternator, 12 volt battery
Archer 3: 28 Volt, 70 amp alternator, 14 volt battery
Volts vs. Amps vs. OhmsSlide41Slide42
References
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
Archer 2 Pilot’s Operating Handbook