Erik Erikson Physical Emotional and Social Milestones BIRTH Walking Speaking Potty training First day at school Sharing Riding a bike First bday party Allowancepaper route Midhigh school ID: 581712
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Slide1
Psychosocial Development
Erik EriksonSlide2
Physical, Emotional, and Social Milestones
BIRTH
Walking
SpeakingPotty trainingFirst day at schoolSharing
Riding a bikeFirst b-day partyAllowance/paper routeMid/high schoolFirst crushFirst job
Driver’s licenseGraduationUniversity/collegeCareermarriageFamily!
Discussion!!! – But first… Identify
them as physical, emotional, socialSlide3
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939),
the father of psychoanalysis
, wrote that an individual's personality development depends on the resolution of conflicts between childhood sexual urges and demands of society - This happens in five distinct stages.
Modern psychologist Erik Erikson refined and expanded Freud's theories into eight stages of developmentHe focused on the influence of society and culture on human personality development.Erik Erikson’s StagesSlide4
Erik Erikson was born in Germany in 1902
. In grammar school he was teased for being
Jewish.
At an early age Erikson did not feel comfortable as a German or as a JewThis feeling was the basis for his notion of an “identity crisis,” which he would define later when he became a psychologistIn the 1920s he met Anna Freud, a psychoanalyst and Sigmund Freud's daughter. He studied child psychoanalysis with her in ViennaIn 1933 he moved to the United States, where taught at Harvard, Yale, University of California at Berkeley, and other institutions. Erikson died in 1994.An Identity Crisis - HistorySlide5
He wrote that each stage of a person's life
is characterized by a different
psychological crisis
that must be resolved before the person can successfully progress to the next stageThe success of each stage depends on how well the previous crisis was resolvedIf a person does not resolve a crisis, it will continue to affect the person's development throughout life Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development is widely accepted by psychologists todayErikson’s Eight StagesSlide6
Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to age 1
Totally dependent
on othersCaregiver meets needs: child develops trustCaregiver does not meet needs: child develops mistrustBasic strength carried forward: HopeBelief our desires will be satisfiedFeeling of confidenceSlide7
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame
and Doubt
Ages 1-3
Child able to exercise some degree of choiceChild’s independence is thwarted: child develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in dealing with othersBasic Strength carried forward: Will Determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society’s demandsSlide8
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Ages 3-5
Child expresses desire to
take initiative in activitiesParents punish child for initiative: child develops feelings of guilt that will affect self-directed activity throughout lifeBasic strength carried forward: PurposeCourage to envision and pursue goalsSlide9
Stage 4: Industriousness vs. Inferiority
Ages 6-11
Child develops cognitive
abilities to enable in task completion (school work, play)Parents/teachers do not support child’s efforts: child develops feelings of inferiority and inadequacyBasic strength going forward: CompetenceExertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasksSlide10
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Ages 12-18
Form ego identity:
self-imageStrong sense of identity: face adulthood with certainty and confidenceIdentity crisis: confusion of ego identityBasic strength going forward: FidelityEmerges from cohesive ego identitySincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with othersSlide11
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Ages 18-35 (approximately)
Undertake productive work and
establish intimate relationshipsInability to establish intimacy leads to social isolationBasic strength going forward: LoveMutual devotion in a shared identityFusing of oneself with another personSlide12
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ages 35-55 (approximately)
Generativity
: Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next generationStagnation involves not seeking outlets for generativityBasic strength going forward: CareBroad concern for othersNeed to teach othersSlide13
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Ages 55+
Evaluation of entire life
Integrity: Look back with satisfactionDespair: Review with anger, frustrationBasic strength going forward: WisdomDetached concern with the whole of lifeSlide14
Age
(Years)
Stage
Psychosocial CrisisPsychosocial StrengthEnvironmental Influence1InfancyTrust vs. MistrustHopeMaternal2-3Early childhood
Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtWillpowerBoth parents or adult substitutes4-5PreschoolInitiative vs. GuiltPurposeParents, family and friends6-11Middle ChildhoodIndustry vs. Inferiority Competence
School12-18Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusionFidelity Peers18-35Young adulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation LoveSpouse, lover, friends35-65
Middle age
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
Family, society
Over 65
Old age
Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
All humans
Erikson’s Eight StagesSlide15
Erikson
’
s Fifth Stage
Identity vs. Role ConfusionAdolescenceDevelops a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires social identity personal identityErikson stressed the importance of an active search for identity during adolescence.Slide16
Diffusion
-
Status
in which an individual has not made a commitment to an identity, nor has even explored an identity. Adolescents may express role diffusion through adopting a negative identity (Defining oneself by what one is not.)Foreclosure - When individuals make a premature commitment to an identity yet fail to explore their identity thoroughly, they are in what psychologists call an Identity ForeclosureMoratorium – Individuals have and maybe even continue to explore answers to the “Who Am I?” question, but don’t yet have an answer to this questionAchievement - Those who make an informed commitment to their identity through thorough explorationNegative Identity – A person takes on traits of another person or parent; delays adolescent’s resolution of own identity crisis Identity Statuses Slide17
Rudy
.
Rudy has changed his college major so many times that it will take him 7 years to graduate.
Since his parents have pointedly objected to paying the expenses for tuition and room and board, Rudy has cheerfully taken on a variety of jobs, ranging from bartender to shoe salesman. He likes work that allows him time to think and be alone; his few friends are very much the same way. Rudy's grades are generally high, though his record is marred by a several "incompletes." He has had one very satisfying intimate relationship and is searching rather anxiously for another. Rudy's identity status would probably be described as ___________.Identity AchievementForeclosureIdentity DiffusionNegative IdentityMoratoriumTest CasesSlide18
RUDY
Identity Moratorium
This an example of identity moratorium. In the United states, the most obvious place to engage in an identity moratorium is the college or the military
Persons in an Identity Moratorium have and even continue to explore the question “Who am I?”, but don’t yet have an answerSlide19
2. Melissa
Mellissa's parent are both physicians. In college she majored in French, spending a semester in France studying art and culture. Upon graduation she surprised her parents by announcing that she had applied to medical school. A close relationship with a hospice nurse and a summer job as a hospital volunteer had helped her arrive at the decision. Melissa's identity status would probably be described as _______________.
Identity Achievement
ForeclosureIdentity DiffusionNegative IdentityMoratoriumTest CasesSlide20
Melissa
Achievement
Melissa has explored many possible identities. Thorugh her own introspection and self-exploration has chosen her goals and career.
She explored her ‘artsy’ side in university, and the medical interests while serving in a hospiceShe also benefitted from having a conversation partner at the hospice (maybe parents too)Slide21
3. Lynn
Lynn's mother is a professor of women's studies who is deeply involved in feminist issues. Lynn very much admires her mother, a strong woman who, as a single parent, struggled to provide for her daughter while establishing her own career. Lynn believes that she, too, will be a strong and independent woman. She avoids people (especially men) who either don't see her in that light or try to bring out her feminine nature. She certainly steer clear of her paternal grandmother, who (although pleasant) is a very disorganized and "artsy" person. Lynn's college grades are very high, and her course selections reflect a unwavering interest in psychology, politics, and women's studies. Lynn's identity status would probably be describe as ________________.
Identity Achievement
ForeclosureIdentity DiffusionNegative IdentityMoratoriumTest CasesSlide22
Lynn
Identity Foreclosure
Foreclosure comes from some sort of adversity or roadblock. lynn was psychologically hurt in the divorce. Other young people may enter foreclosure because of issues such a pregnancy or death of a parent.
Lynn’s commitment was motivated by the strong and admirable figure of her mother, and she believes she has personality traits in common with her mother – but there is not much evidence of personal explorationSlide23
4. Daniel
Daniel is a freshman at a college near his old high school. He comes home nearly every weekend but does not enjoy himself once he's there. He avoids talking to his parents or old high school friends, preferring to "surf the web" on the computer in his room. Periodically he engages in impulsive shopping; after these sprees he comes home and talks excitedly about the latest electronic gadget he's acquired. he gets angry if his parents ask what he considers to be foolish questions, and angrier still if they patronize him. Daniel is enrolled in courses he has been told are easy, and he does not have strong feelings about his studies or his grades. Daniel's identity status would
probably be described as __________________.
Test CasesIdentity AchievementForeclosureIdentity DiffusionNegative IdentityMoratoriumSlide24
Daniel
Identity Diffusion
Daniel apparently has few goals and does not care much about finding it. It's time for Daniel's parents to use a little "tough love" and send him packing.
Diffusion is characterized by NOT making a commitment or even exploring possibilitiesSlide25
5. Casey
Casey's grandparents, who raised him from childhood, grew up during the Depression. They are extremely conservative in money matters, politics, and social values. They have always had very high goals for Casey, insisting that he get all A's in school, study several languages, and attend an Ivy League law school. Casey, who considered his grandparents' goals for him to be both unattainable and unappealing, is becoming something of a free spirit. He has started spending freely, squandering his savings on gambling and lavish gifts for his friends. he has also become a leader in a left-wing political group at his school. He no longer plans to become an attorney and may not even finish college. Casey's identity status would probably
be describe as ______________.
Identity AchievementForeclosureIdentity DiffusionNegative IdentityMoratoriumTest CasesSlide26
Casey
Negative Identity
Casey in an effort to rebel against his Grandparents has become the opposite of what they wanted him to be
Casey defines himself over against his parents’ (perceived) identitiesSlide27
Age
(Years)
Stage
Psychosocial CrisisPsychosocial StrengthEnvironmental Influence1InfancyTrust vs. MistrustHopeMaternal2-3Early childhood
Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtWillpowerBoth parents or adult substitutes4-5PreschoolInitiative vs. GuiltPurposeParents, family and friends6-11Middle ChildhoodIndustry vs. Inferiority Competence
School12-18Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusionFidelity Peers18-35Young adulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation LoveSpouse, lover, friends35-65
Middle age
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
Family, society
Over 65
Old age
Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
All humans
Note the Agents of a person’s development
What if a person did not have that influence when they needed it?