Sensing Through the Continent: Towards Monitoring Migratory - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Sensing Through the Continent: Towards Monitoring Migratory Birds Using Cellular Sensor Networks.

By

Kotagiri

Rakheesh

UIN: 00918462Slide2

Authors, Sponsors and Acknowledgment

David Anthony

,

William P. Bennett, Jr

.,

Mehmet C.

Vuran

,

Matthew B.

Dwyer.

Sebastian

Elbaum

,

Anne

Lacy,

Mike

Engels,

Walter

Wehtje

.

Department

of Computer Science and Engineering

University

of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln

, {

danthony,wbennett,mcvuran,dwyer,elbaum

}

NE@cse.unl.edu

, International

Crane Foundation, Baraboo, WI

anne

,

engels

}@

savingcranes.org

, The

Crane Trust, Wood River, NE

wwehtje@cranetrust.org

.

This work was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation under CAREER Award CNS-0953900 and

Award CNS-0720654; and by the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration under grant number NNX08AV20A.Slide3

Why This Paper

In monitoring migratory birds.

Learning the causes for mortality of birds.

In return helps in aero ecological balance.

In the technical field the growth of CSN.

Cellular

Sensor Networks

.

Research scope:

Scope to develop mobile sensing sensors.

Sensors platforms, Reliable Sensor Networks

Slide4

Presentation Flow

Introduction

Related Work

Back Ground Work

Crane Tracker

Evaluation and Discussion

ConclusionSlide5

IntroductionThe Whooping Crane

is

one of

the most

endangered bird species native to North America

.

The study of its migration helps in conservation of the endangered birds.

In this paper we see the design challenges, The sensors used shouldn’t disturb the behavior of the bird.

We come across WSN(wireless sensor networks)

Period of study.

Migration Study.Slide6

Related Work

Since 1930 many efforts have been kept towards tracking migration of birds.

But the gathered information was less for analyzing the migration of birds, And the process require intensive labor.

Whooping Crane Tracking:

Prior methods in tracking involved people having visual contact with birds. They used to place colored bands to the birds to differentiate them from other birds.

Ground based monitors(man) used to spot the birds migration areas and make record of these birds----This has limitation of migration area.

Over a period of time , light weight leg bands were used. These bands are attached with VHF(very high frequency) transmitters. This helped to over come manual visualization but still----Has limitations of communication range and manual effort of following.Slide7

Cont.…

Later in todays GPS receivers communicate with satellite links, this help to trace the migration path.

But this approach too have limitations currently which we are facing.

The size of GPS antenna.

Cost purchasing and operating the device.

Devices limited energy.

With standing climatic conditions.

2) Wild life monitoring with WSN:

This Wireless Sensor Networks can be classified in two kinds.

Infrastructure based

Limitations—Not possible to place these nodes through out the birds habitat.

—Communication delay.Slide8

Cont.….

Ad-hoc

A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network

.

The

ad

hoc

network

does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity. In addition to the classic routing, ad hoc networks can use flooding for forwarding the data

.

Limitation

--- Works only when

birds are in close

vicinity.

3) Reliability:

We need a reliable OS, Which is very simple in use a only to handle this related data. So in this we adapt to Aspect-oriented programming techniques, With this we develop a

TinyOS

for runtime monitoring in simulations.

To make this tracking of birds and monitoring them successful we need rely completely on a strategy, equipment, communication network. For this……… Slide9

Cont.…..

We adopt to

Wireless

Cellular

Network.

A cellular network

is

a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell.

When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers

to

communicate with each other and

even

if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.

Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:

increased

capacity

reduced power use

larger coverage area

reduced interference from other signalsSlide10

BACKGROUND

In this we are going to see the Requirements and challenges faced in monitoring cranes.

Requirements:

The requirements of the tracker device.

Weight : < 120 grams

GPS: 2 samples per day

Location Accuracy : < 10m desired, <25m acceptable

Communication Latency: < 24 hrs

Migration Tracking

Reduced Latency

Bird movement characterization

Long-term operation

Flexible operation

Backpack MountingSlide11

Cont…..

Challenges:

1) Weight and Size Restrictions.

2) Mobility

3) Unattended Operation

4) Unknown Behaviors

5) Endangered StatusSlide12

Crane Tracker

In this part we going to see how the Requirements can be achieved and challenges can be addressed.

The Crane Tracker, This system has mainly two components.

The Crane Tracker

that is

attached to

the cranes and monitors their

movement

throughout

the Continent.

Back-end

components that are

used to

store, analyze, and visualize the collected data.

Slide13

Multi-Modal CommunicationAfter all the Sensor networks available, we finally adopted to Cellular Sensor Networks.

GSM technology is used for

this project

because its widespread international adoption

will enable

future experiments in a wide variety of locations

.

The GSM module requires careful power supply

design. While

the rest of the platform components operate at

3.3V.

Testing on the CraneTracker

showed the

module used an average of 64mA while sending a

text message.

However, in breeding

and wintering

locations, cranes generally use the same

locations over

several years. If cellular coverage is lacking at this particular location, long-term storage may not be sufficient

to. store

all of the recorded

information.Slide14

Multi-modal SensingSensing components were selected to provide

information about

the bird, the environment, and the

system.

The sensing requirements specify position information, movement information, ambient solar power, temperature, and

battery voltage.

The selection of this receiver

is based

on multiple factors including power consumption,

chip weight

, antenna weight, size, channels, sensitivity,

position accuracy

, durability and

time-to-first-fix.

To characterize the bird movements and behaviors an HMC6343 solid-state compass, which includes a three dimensional accelerometer and magnetometer, and

temperature sensor

in a single

package is selected.

Environmental data is collected through the

temperature sensor

in the compass and through the solar panel. To

infer the

intensity of ambient light through the solar panel,

the voltage

and current are recorded from the panel. In

addition to

bird-specific and environmental data, information

about the

system performance is also desired.Slide15

Energy Harvesting and Power ControlTo maximize the lifetime of the device, a flexible

solar panel

from

Power Film is

used to recharge a

lithium polymer battery.

The solar panel specification states it

is capable

of providing 50mA at 4.8V

.

A lithium polymer battery is used because its high energy density minimizes

the weight

of the device, while allowing it to run for

extended periods

when solar energy is not available

.

The

voltage and current supplied by the solar

panel is

monitored and logged by the mote as well

.

The

output from

the charge management circuit is used to charge

the battery.

The separation of software from system control

enables the

system to recover from unforeseen software

errors.Slide16

Crane Tracker Hardware and SoftwareSlide17

Data ManagementData is

organized into sensor

records. The records

stored in flash are divided into compass and

GPS records

that are prefixed with a common header.

The stored data is organized into a FIFO circular queue that can

hold up

to 16, 912 records. In the event that the queue fills without data being transmitted, the oldest data in the system

is overwritten

first

.

Enclosure

Design

To fulfill the durability and environmental protection requirements, several harness and enclosure designs were evaluated

.

Based on the feedback from ecologists, a backpack approach is used

.

In addition, a backpack design has potential

benefits to

system design since exposure to the sun and

movement monitoring

accuracy increases when compared to a leg

band.Slide18

Fault Detection and ToleranceTo maximize the chance of a mission’s success, the system must be fault tolerant

.

Additionally, the system software should undergo thorough testing and verification

.

The first area of fault tolerance is in the

communication scheme

. The combination of GSM and short-range radio enables the tracker to continuing operating when one

method is

damaged or unable to

communicate.

Second, the

GPS and

compass can redundantly sense some of the

information about

the cranes, such as whether they are alive or dead

.

Finally, the hardware provides fault tolerance for the software. In cases where a software fault leaves the system

in a

high energy consumption state, the hardware is

capable of

removing power and rebooting the system after too

much energy

has been consumed.Slide19

Wild Sand hill Crane Deployments

Five

cranes

from three

families have participated in the experiments.

The cranes

are designated JB-Male and JB-Female;

SH-Female and

SH-Chick; and BB-Female. The two letter prefix identifies the crane’s family, and the suffix is the crane’s gender.Slide20

EVALUATION AND DISCUSSIONFirst this crane tracker is used on turkey hen.

Control: A stationary control mote is placed in the

open within

1 km of the hen’s habitat. This mote consists of

the same

hardware and software as attached to the

captured turkey.Slide21

Captive Siberian Crane ExperimentsTo evaluate the performance on a real crane in a

semi controlled

environment, the CraneTracker was tested in

July 2011

with three captive Siberian Cranes: A. Wright,

Bazov

, and

Hagrid

.

Lessons Learned: During the experiments at the

site,heading

, pitch, and roll were inconsistent even though component tests were successful in other locations. This erroneous behavior was confirmed with all compass units available as well as an alternate inertial measurement unit and

a smartphone

.Slide22

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKDeveloping

and evaluating a tracking platform for Whooping Cranes, which

present unique

challenges in their mobility and extremely low population size

.

The

developed cellular sensor network

platform seeks

to provide more detailed data on these birds’

behavior.

CraneTracker’s

design aims to provide multi-modal

sensing and

multi-modal communication capabilities that allow reliable and time-critical monitoring on a continental

scale.

In the near future, the platform will be deployed on extended missions with captive-reared Whooping Cranes. Given successful field tests, the devices can then

be deployed

to the Whooping Crane population. The

collected data

from the Whooping Cranes will be used to

identify

and protect

critical habitat areas for this iconic bird species.