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Basic Infection Control Basic Infection Control

Basic Infection Control - PowerPoint Presentation

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Basic Infection Control - PPT Presentation

in Rehabilitation Centers GDIPC MOH 26102020 1 1 Epidemiological triangle Consist of The host is the human The environment consists of all external factors associated with the ID: 907840

patient host infection transmission host patient transmission infection equipment infectious precautions portal agent room hand tract contact respiratory source

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Slide1

Basic Infection Control

in Rehabilitation Centers

GDIPC - MOH

26-10-2020

1

1

Slide2

Epidemiological triangle

Consist of :

The host is the

humanThe environment consists of all external factors associated with the host. The agent which may be a bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoan,

helminth, or prion.2

Slide3

Chain of infection

Infectious agent

Reservoir

Portal of exit

Portal of entry

Mode of transmission

Susceptible host

3

Slide4

1- The infectious agent

The infectious agent of infection is the first link in the chain

.

the

infectious

agent is a

biological

,

physical

,

or

chemical

entity capable of causing disease

.

Biological agents

may be bacteria,

viruses, fungi,

protozoa, helminths, or prions.

4

Slide5

The infectious agent

Some biological agents

have characteristics that make them more successful in causing infection.

To cause disease, these agents must be invasive enough to enter tissues, multiply, and cause some amount of damage.They must be sufficiently virulent to be pathogenic. The infectious dose (the number of organisms required to cause disease) how viable an organism is in the free state also determines whether infection will develop.Host specificity affects organism

success as well.

5

Slide6

The infectious agent

Organisms

may also have high

rates of antigenic variation that help to overcome host-immune responses.This is the case with influenza, in which the outer protein antigens change from year to year, necessitating the yearly development of a new influenza vaccine.The ability to develop antimicrobial resistance also provides the organism with an advantage to continue causing infection, despite what was previously appropriate treatment.

6

Slide7

Infectivity

Infectivity is an organism's (a bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, etc.) ability to infect you. You can be infected but not sick, and there are plenty of times when you're infected but the organism doesn't cause disease.

7

Slide8

Pathogenicity

Biological term that refers to the ability of microbes to cause a disease in living organism through entering to the host and start multiplying and cause illness .

The degree of pathogenicity of an organism depends upon the following factors such as number of infecting bacteria. route of entry into body.

specific host defense mechanism. non-specific host defense mechanism, virulence factors of the bacteria.

8

Slide9

2- Reservoir

The

next link in the chain is the reservoir

which is the place in which an infectious agent can survive but may or may not multiply. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.There are three common reservoirs of interest: humans animalsenvironment

Common reservoirs associated with HAIs include patients, healthcare personnel, and healthcare equipment and environment.

9

Slide10

Path

by

which a pathogen leaves its host. The portal of exit usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized.

3- Portal of exit

Respiratory tract

Genitourinary

tract

Gastrointestinal

tract

Skin/mucous

membrane

Transplacental

(fetus to

mother)

Parenteral

(

percutaneous

via

blood

)

10

Slide11

The mode of transmission, the next link in the chain of infection, Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

There

are

three main modes of transmissionContactDropletAir borne

4- Modes of transmission11

Slide12

Standard Precautions are the minimum infection prevention practices that apply to all patient care, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient, in any setting where healthcare is delivered.

The goal of using standard precautions is to reduce the risk of transmission of microbes from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection.

Standard Precautions

Hand hygiene • Personal protective equipment (PPE) • Environmental controls • Safe handling and disposal of potentially infectious material (Waste, Sharps, Laboratory Specimens, Proper handling of linen) • Appropriate reprocessing of instruments and equipment following use • Aseptic practices. COMPONENT OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS?

12

Slide13

Direct-contact

transmission

Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients (e.g. by hand contact), with one serving as the source of infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host.Contact transmissionIndirect-contact transmission involves contact of a susceptible

host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, in the patient's environment.Some organisms, such

as MRSA or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), may survive for days or weeks in the environment and be available for direct or indirect contact transmission.

13

Slide14

Contact precautions

S

W

OSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSTHREATS

patient placement

Use a single-patient room as possible. Consult with Infection Control staff if not possible.

place the patient in isolation room with clinic hand washing sink.

Cohort patients who are infected /colonized with the same organism.

Patient Care Equipment

Use single-patient equipment, left in the room, as possible.

dedicated patient-care equipment (e.g., blood pressure cuffs), multiple devices is unavoidable, clean and disinfect such equipment before use on another patient.

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene is critical in the care of these patients.

personal protective equipment (PPE)Wear gloves to enter the room. Change gloves as specified by Standard Precautions. Wear a gown to enter the room.

transport

Limit transport, ,cover or contain the infected or colonized areas of the patient’s body.Environment Decontamination

cleaning and disinfection rooms of patients and focusing on frequently-touched surfaces at least daily.

14

Slide15

Droplets are generated from the source person primarily during coughing, sneezing, or talking, and during the performance of certain procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy.

Transmission via large-particle droplets requires close contact between source and recipient persons because droplets do not remain suspended in the air and generally travel only short distance, usually 3 feet or less, through the air.

Because droplets do not remain suspended in the air, special air handling and ventilation are not required to prevent droplet transmission.

Droplet transmission

15

Slide16

Droplet precautions

S

W

OSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSOPPORTUNITIESTHREATS

patient placement

Use a single-patient room as possible. Consult with Infection Control staff if not possible.

Chorting

may be considered for those with similar symptoms.

Maintain at least 3 feet separation between the patient and others. and draw the curtains between bed.

Patient Care Equipment

Use single-patient equipment, left in the room, as possible.

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene must be done as specified for Standard Precautions.

personal protective equipment (PPE)

Staff should wear surgical mask to enter the room.

transport

Limit transport patient .If transport is necessary, instruct patient to wear a mask and follow Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette

.

Droplet Precautions are used to provide care to patients with influenza, pertussis, some types of meningitis, undiagnosed respiratory infections, and several other diseases.

16

Slide17

Airborne spread is an efficient mode of transmission and may involve varying distances between the source and host. The most efficient means of airborne transmission is by droplet nuclei.

Droplet nuclei are very small,

about 1 to 5 μm, and can be suspended in air for extended periods of time. The size of the particle makes it ideal for inhalation because it is small enough to reach the respiratory tree without being swept up by cilia. The small size of the particle and its ability to remain suspended in air also means that droplet nuclei may spread through ventilation systems.Tuberculosis is the classic example of a disease spread by droplet nuclei.

Air borne transmission

17

Slide18

Airborne

precautions

S

WOSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSOPPORTUNITIESTHREATS

patient placement

Airborne Infection Isolation room—AIIR—a negative pressure isolation room

Patient Care Equipment

Use single-patient equipment, left in the room, as possible.

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene must be done as specified for Standard Precautions.

personal protective equipment (PPE)

Use N-95 respirator or PAPR.

transport

If patients must come out of the AIIR, put a simple mask on them, as a tight-fitting respirator may not be tolerated and is not indicated.

infectious skin lesions must be covered.

18

Slide19

The portal of entry refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host. The portal of entry must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply or a toxin can act. Often, infectious agents use the same portal to enter a new host that they used to exit the source host.

For example, influenza virus exits the respiratory tract of the source host and enters the respiratory tract of the new host. In contrast, many pathogens that cause gastroenteritis follow a so-called “fecal-oral” route because they exit the source host in feces, are carried on inadequately washed hands to a vehicle such as food, water, or utensil, and enter a new host through the mouth.

5- Portal of entry

19

Slide20

Respiratory tract

Genitourinary

tract

Skin/mucous

membraneTransplacental (fetus to mother)

Parenteral

(

percutaneous

via

blood

)

6- Portal of entry

20

Gastrointestinal

tract

Slide21

Nonspecific factors that defend against infection include the skin, mucous membranes, gastric acidity, cilia in the respiratory tract, the cough reflex, and nonspecific immune response.

Factors that increase the risk of susceptibility are:

Age (Either Very Young Or Very Old)Underlying Medical Conditions E.G. DiabetesTreatments Or Invasive DevicesPoor Nutrition/General HealthBurnsSurgeryImmunosuppression

Host

21

Slide22

22

Slide23

23

Slide24

Thank You