Sept 21 2015 Aristotle on Rhetoric FOUR REASONS THAT RHETORIC IS USEFUL To uphold the truth To teach To analyze issues thoroughly both sides and more To defend oneself and the right ID: 659860
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Slide1
Aristotle and Isocrates
CIV 101-02
Sept. 21, 2015Slide2
Aristotle on Rhetoric
FOUR REASONS THAT RHETORIC IS USEFUL
To uphold the truth
To
teach
To analyze issues thoroughly, both sides (and more)
To defend oneself (and the right) Slide3
Utilitarian rather than ideal
Amorality: Can be put to good use
Protects against the bad guys
Promotes the good/truth
Effective Political leadershipEffective EducationNot everyone is an expert (and can use demonstration). One must also teach the masses.
Aristotle on RhetoricSlide4
THE ART OF DISCOVERING IN ANY GIVEN CASE WHAT ARE THE MEANS OF PERSUASION.
Art (principles flexibly applied)
Discovery (focused on the research, not on the performance)
Persuasion (toward effective speech)
In any given case (always flexible to the event, needs, audience, etc.)Audience Analysis is crucial
Aristotle on RhetoricSlide5
Artistic Proofs
Those that come from the speaker
Ethos (Speaker Credibility)
Pathos (Emotions)
Logical ArgumentInartistic ProofsCan be used, but come from outside the speaker and are less important.
Aristotle on RhetoricSlide6
Logical Argument
Enthymeme
Truncated syllogism
Call to audience participation
Relief from detailTopoiCommon topicsSpecial topics
Lines of argument
Aristotle on RhetoricSlide7
Types
Audience
Times
Ends
Means
forensic
decision maker
past fact
justice.
accusation/defense
deliberative
decision maker
future fact
adv
/
disad
persuasion/dissuasion
epideictic
spectator
present
noble/shame
praise/blameSlide8
Isocrates
When one educates, one works via
Students’ natural abilities
educated training
extensive practice
instruction
by the
teacher
modeling
via teacher performance
.
His curricula:
Science,
math,
writing
, debate, classical prose and poetry (literature), philosophy
,
and
history.
The Father of Liberal EducationSlide9
Education must combine theories, models, practice, with teacher instruction and demonstrations.
progymnasium
(analysis, practice, and delivery of set speeches drawn from history and/or the master
)declamatio
(debate).
He
sent his students to the courts and the legislature to observe the best speakers.
Check (correct) negative models
Encourage positive models
IsocratesSlide10
What is
rhetoric
The work
or science of persuasion which is a branch of philosophy able to alter our perception of things as we dispute with others and seek
knowledgeMen have imperfect knowledge so struggle with probabilities (rather than ideals)
Rhetoric is useful in everyday affairs and those of state. It teaches, persuades, and leads toward knowledge.
IsocratesSlide11
We ought, therefore, to think of the art of discourse just as we think of the other arts, and not to form opposite
judgements
about similar things, nor show ourselves intolerant toward that power which, of all the faculties which belong to the nature of man, is the source of most of our blessings. For in the other powers which we possess, as I have already said on a former occasion, we are in no respect superior to other living creatures; nay, we are inferior to many in swiftness and in strength and in other resources;
IsocratesSlide12
but, because there has been implanted in us the power to persuade each other and to make clear to each other whatever we desire, not only have we escaped the life of wild beasts, but we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts; and, generally speaking, there is no institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish.
Isocrates