384 BC 322 BC Aristotle httpwwwyoutubecomwatchvtbgHbzrL3d0 Background Who Was Aristotle Greek Philosopher Studied under Plato at The Academy thus was ultimately influenced by Socrates as well ID: 514562
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Slide1
Aristotle
384 BC – 322 BCSlide2
Aristotle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbgHbzrL3d0Slide3
Background- Who Was Aristotle?
Greek Philosopher
Studied under Plato at
The Academy
(thus, was ultimately influenced by Socrates as well)
Wrote about a wide range of subjects that include but are not limited to:
- Politics
- Ethics
- Logic
-Theatre/ poetry
-Rhetoric Slide4
Aristotle on Logic
One of Aristotle’s central disagreements with Plato was with Plato’s
Theory of Forms
Aristotle argued, if it can be seen and observed, logically, it must be real (remember, Plato argued, everything we see and observe is a carbon copy the “true” form)Slide5
Syllogisms
Aristotle's logic revolves around one
principle:
the
deduction
(
sullogismos
).
A deduction is speech (
logos
) in which, certain things are supposed. Each of the “things supposed” is a
premise
(
protasis
) of the argument, and what “results of necessity” is the
conclusion
(
sumperasma
).
The core of this definition is the notion of “resulting of necessity” (
ex
anankês
sumbainein
). This corresponds to a modern notion of logical consequence
: “If this occurs… then this must be the result” Slide6
You can often find this type of "If...then" statement in mathematical proofs, and that is due to the far-reaching influence of Aristotelian methods. They changed the face of scientific thought in their time, and for almost 2000 years after, allowed deductions of new truths to be made from established facts or principles.Slide7
Example Slide8
Moral Virtue
Actions that are made voluntarily ; no one forcing you to “do the right thing”
Taught morality from the society in which you were brought up (i.e., relative)
Finding a balance in between pleasure and pain so as not to deny yourself, but also not overindulge
Choosing to do the “wrong” thing or make what society would define as an immoral decision, would be considered vicious against others
Some people act
on the basis of emotions, even though it is not what they choose. This is not vice according to Aristotle's definition, but "
akrasia
", sometimes called weakness of
will (inability to “master yourself”) In
English, the person who would choose the virtuous option but does not, is sometimes translated as "incontinent" in opposition to having vice or being "vicious
"Slide9
Does this sound anything like Plato’s theory that divides the soul into three parts? Slide10
How does all this apply to Justice
?
Justice can mean either lawfulness or
fairness
The
laws encourage people to behave virtuously, so the just person, who by definition is lawful, will necessarily be
virtuous
Virtue
differs from justice because it deals with one’s moral state, while justice deals with one’s relations with
others (practical application for your morality!)