Vocab amp Grammar Practice AP Test 1 Multiple Choice Do You Know PARALLELISM Rhetorical and Literary Terms PARALLELISM is recurrent syntactical similarity Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equ ID: 488513
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Slide1
Rhetorical and Literary Terms,
Vocab, & Grammar:
Practice AP Test #1
Multiple ChoiceSlide2
Do You Know:
PARALLELISMSlide3
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
PARALLELISM
is recurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.Slide4
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
PARALLELISM
(examples)
Ferocious dragons breathing fire and wicked sorcerers casting their spells do their harm by night in the forest of Darkness.
These critics--who point out the beauties of style and ideas, who discover the faults of false constructions, and who discuss the application of the rules--usually help a lot in engendering an understanding of the writer's essay.Slide5
Do You Know:
PERIODIC SENTENCESlide6
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end.
This
is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made.
It
can also create suspense or interest for the reader.Slide7
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Periodic Sentences
(examples)
In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.
With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live.
Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good attitude, is important for a happy life.
After
shopping at the mall, walking the dogs and washing the car, I finally got to stay in and relax.
If the price was good and the quality excellent, I might consider buying a designer dress.
Renewable energy resources, like wind, solar, and geothermal, will be the answers to Earth’s energy problems.Slide8
Do You Know:
ANALOGYSlide9
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
ANALOGY
compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.Slide10
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
ANALOGY
(examples)
Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. --Samuel Johnson
The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. (And so forth, to the end of the chapter.] --l Cor. 12:12 (NIV)Slide11
Do You Know:
PRONOUNSSlide12
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Grammar
R
eview: PRONOUNS
(I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun.Slide13
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Grammar
R
eview: PRONOUNS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
subjective
objective
possessive
subjective
objective
possessive
1
st
person
I
me
my, mine
we
us
our, ours
2
nd
person
you
you
your, yoursyouyouyour, yours3rd personhesheithimherithisher, hersitsthey themtheir, theirsSlide14
Do You Know:
HYPERBOLESlide15
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
HYPERBOLE
Is the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect.
Note: In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as an attention grabber.Slide16
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
HYPERBOLE
(examples)
There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.
I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.Slide17
Do You Know:
IRONYSlide18
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
IRONY
1. VERBAL (aka SARCASM): the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
“Don't go overboard with the gratitude,” he rejoined with heavy irony.
2. SITUATIONAL: a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing or surprising as a result.
“The irony is that I thought he could help me."
"the irony of the situation"
3. DRAMATIC: a literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.Slide19
Do You Know:
PARADOXSlide20
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
PARADOX
1. a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.
"in a paradox, he has discovered that stepping back from his job has increased the rewards he gleans from it"
2. a situation, person, or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities.
"the mingling of deciduous trees with elements of desert flora forms a fascinating ecological paradox"Slide21
Do You Know:
METAPHORSlide22
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METAPHOR
MIXED METAPHOR
DEAD METAPHOR
ETENDED METAPHOR
(See Power Point on METAPHOR)Slide23
Do You Know:
ALLEGORYSlide24
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
ALLEGORY
is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy.
Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Slide25
Do You Know:
METAPHYSICALSlide26
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METAPHYSICAL
The word 'meta' means 'after,' so the literal translation of 'metaphysical' is 'after the physical.' Basically, metaphysics deals with questions that can't be explained by science. It questions the nature of reality in a philosophical way.
Here are some common metaphysical questions:
Does God exist?
Is there a difference between the way things appear to us and the way they really are?
Essentially, what is the difference between reality and perception?
Is everything that happens already predetermined? If so, then is free choice non-existent?
Is consciousness limited to the brain?Slide27
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METAPHYSICAL cont’d
Metaphysics can cover a broad range of topics from religious to consciousness; however, all the questions about metaphysics ponder the nature of reality. And of course, there is no one correct answer to any of these questions. Metaphysics is about exploration and philosophy, not about science and math.Slide28
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METAPHYSICAL cont’d
Metaphysical poetry
also sought to shock the reader and wake him or her up from his or her normal existence in order to question the unquestionable. The poetry often mixed ordinary speech with
paradoxes
and
puns
. The results were strange, comparing unlikely things, such as lovers to a compass or the soul to a drop of dew. These weird comparisons were called
conceits (aka a far-fetched and often extended metaphor).Slide29
Do You Know:
OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVESlide30
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE
SUBJECTIVE: a subject's personal perspective, feelings, beliefs, desires or discovery.
OBJECTIVE: not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiasedSlide31
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Vocab: EFFUSIVE
expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.
"an effusive welcome"
synonyms: gushing, gushy, unrestrained, extravagant, fulsome, demonstrative, lavish, enthusiastic, lyrical;Slide32
Do You Know:
PARABLESlide33
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
PARABLE
Is a short story that teaches a moral or spiritual lesson; especially : one of the stories told by Jesus Christ and recorded in the Bible.
It is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.Slide34
Do You Know:
MELODRAMATICSlide35
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
MELODRAMATIC
m
eans characterized by a kind of performance or exaggeration of emotions.
A
melodrama
is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often simply drawn, and may appear stereotyped.Slide36
Do You Know:
PARODYSlide37
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
PARODY
A parody is a humorous or mocking imitation of something, using the same form as the original. (
Eg
., To parody a poem, you have to write another poem.)
A parody is a form of humor that spoofs — or satirizes — something using the same form. For example, shows like "Saturday Night Live" and "The Daily Show" have parodied real newscasts by doing fake newscasts that look like the real thing. Slide38
Do You Know:
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUESlide39
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of a single imagined persona (NOT the poet)
in a specific situation at a critical moment that reveals the speaker's temperament and character. In this monologue, the speaker addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker (we never actually hear/read what the person being addressed says,
h
ence MONO-
logue
, not DIA-
logue
)Slide40
Do You Know:
EXPOSE’Slide41
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
EXPOSE’
(French past part., "revealed"):
A journalistic or literary revelation or exposure--especially of something discreditable or scandalous.
Examples of non-fiction exposés include
All the President's Men
by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, which revealed Nixon's involvement with the Watergate scandal, and Edwin Markham's
Children in Bondage
, which exposed the evils of child labor.
Fictional narratives can also reveal real-world scandals, such as Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel
, The Jungle
, which exposed consumers to the exploitation of meat-packing workers, and the poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake which also acted in many ways as exposes of child labor practices in London.Slide42
Do You Know:
EVOCATIONSlide43
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
EVOCATION
Is the act of bringing something into the mind or memory : the act of evoking something;
a
passage that calls to mind a particular experience or event, especially using highly descriptive language.Slide44
Do You Know:
METONYMSlide45
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METONYM
is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.Slide46
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
METONYM
(examples)
The orders came directly from the White House.
This land belongs to the crown.Slide47
Do You Know:
EXPRESSIONISMSlide48
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
EXPRESSIONISM
is a writing approach, process, or technique in which a writer depicts a character’s feelings about a subject (or the writer’s own feelings about it) rather than the objective surface reality of the subject. A writer, in effect, presents his interpretation of what he sees. Often, the depiction is a grotesque distortion or phantasmagoric representation of reality, for the character or writer must reshape the objective image into his mind's image. Slide49
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
EXPRESSIONISM
However, there is logic to this approach: Not everybody perceives the world in the same way. What one person may see as beautiful or good another person may see as ugly or bad. Sometimes a writer or his character suffers from a mental debility, such as depression or paranoia, which alters his perception of reality. Expressionism enables the writer to present this altered perception. An example of a character who sees reality through his mind's eye is Joseph K., the protagonist of Franz Kafka's novel
The Trial
. Slide50
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Vocab: STACCATO
with each sound or note sharply detached or separated from the others.
EG: Katie Perry sings, “You’re
gonna
hear me ROA – OAR – OAR- OAR – OAR – OAR”Slide51
Do You Know:
SYNTAXSlide52
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
SYNTAX
is
the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given
language.
The elements of syntax include sentence length, sentence type, the number of sentences, the rhythm of sentences, voice (active or passive), and word order or arrangement.Slide53
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
IMAGERY
i
s the use of highly descriptive language that appeals to any of the five sensesSlide54
Do You Know:
ANTECEDENTSlide55
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
ANTECEDENT
a
word, phrase, or
clause that
is replaced by a pronoun
in
the same or in another, usually subsequent, sentence.
Jane
lost a glove and she can't find
it.
Jane
is the antecedent of
she
and
glove
is the antecedent of
it
.Slide56
Do You Know:
ANACHRONISMSlide57
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
ANACHRONISM
is a
thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned
.
The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare.Slide58
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
Vocab: ANTHROPOLOGICAL
r
elating to the
science of humans and their works
.
Also, the
science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.Slide59
Do You Know:
SUBORDINATE or DEPENDENT CLAUSESSlide60
Rhetorical and Literary Terms
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
AKA, a DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Is a
clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause
(
e.g., “when it rang” in
“
she answered the phone when it rang”).