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Rhetorical and Literary Terms, Rhetorical and Literary Terms,

Rhetorical and Literary Terms, - PowerPoint Presentation

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Rhetorical and Literary Terms, - PPT Presentation

Vocab amp Grammar Practice AP Test 1 Multiple Choice Do You Know PARALLELISM Rhetorical and Literary Terms PARALLELISM is recurrent syntactical similarity Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equ ID: 488513

terms literary metaphor rhetorical literary terms rhetorical metaphor form reality metaphysical sentence writer clause sentences character examples analogy questions feelings objective hyperbole

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Slide1

Rhetorical and Literary Terms,

Vocab, & Grammar:

Practice AP Test #1

Multiple ChoiceSlide2

Do You Know:

PARALLELISMSlide3

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

PARALLELISM

is recurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.Slide4

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

PARALLELISM

(examples)

Ferocious dragons breathing fire and wicked sorcerers casting their spells do their harm by night in the forest of Darkness.

These critics--who point out the beauties of style and ideas, who discover the faults of false constructions, and who discuss the application of the rules--usually help a lot in engendering an understanding of the writer's essay.Slide5

Do You Know:

PERIODIC SENTENCESlide6

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end.

This

is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made.

It

can also create suspense or interest for the reader.Slide7

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Periodic Sentences

(examples)

In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.

With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live.

Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good attitude, is important for a happy life.

After

shopping at the mall, walking the dogs and washing the car, I finally got to stay in and relax.

If the price was good and the quality excellent, I might consider buying a designer dress.

Renewable energy resources, like wind, solar, and geothermal, will be the answers to Earth’s energy problems.Slide8

Do You Know:

ANALOGYSlide9

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

ANALOGY

compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.Slide10

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

ANALOGY

(examples)

Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. --Samuel Johnson

The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. (And so forth, to the end of the chapter.] --l Cor. 12:12 (NIV)Slide11

Do You Know:

PRONOUNSSlide12

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Grammar

R

eview: PRONOUNS

(I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun.Slide13

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Grammar

R

eview: PRONOUNS

SINGULAR

PLURAL

subjective

objective

possessive

subjective

objective

possessive

1

st

 person

I

me

my, mine

we

us

our, ours

2

nd

 person

you

you

your, yoursyouyouyour, yours3rd personhesheithimherithisher,  hersitsthey themtheir, theirsSlide14

Do You Know:

HYPERBOLESlide15

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

HYPERBOLE

Is the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect.

Note: In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as an attention grabber.Slide16

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

HYPERBOLE

(examples)

There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.

I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.Slide17

Do You Know:

IRONYSlide18

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

IRONY

1. VERBAL (aka SARCASM): the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

“Don't go overboard with the gratitude,” he rejoined with heavy irony.

2. SITUATIONAL: a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing or surprising as a result.

“The irony is that I thought he could help me."

"the irony of the situation"

3. DRAMATIC: a literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.Slide19

Do You Know:

PARADOXSlide20

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

PARADOX

1. a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.

"in a paradox, he has discovered that stepping back from his job has increased the rewards he gleans from it"

2. a situation, person, or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities.

"the mingling of deciduous trees with elements of desert flora forms a fascinating ecological paradox"Slide21

Do You Know:

METAPHORSlide22

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METAPHOR

MIXED METAPHOR

DEAD METAPHOR

ETENDED METAPHOR

(See Power Point on METAPHOR)Slide23

Do You Know:

ALLEGORYSlide24

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

ALLEGORY

is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy.

Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Slide25

Do You Know:

METAPHYSICALSlide26

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METAPHYSICAL

The word 'meta' means 'after,' so the literal translation of 'metaphysical' is 'after the physical.' Basically, metaphysics deals with questions that can't be explained by science. It questions the nature of reality in a philosophical way.

Here are some common metaphysical questions:

Does God exist?

Is there a difference between the way things appear to us and the way they really are?

Essentially, what is the difference between reality and perception?

Is everything that happens already predetermined? If so, then is free choice non-existent?

Is consciousness limited to the brain?Slide27

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METAPHYSICAL cont’d

Metaphysics can cover a broad range of topics from religious to consciousness; however, all the questions about metaphysics ponder the nature of reality. And of course, there is no one correct answer to any of these questions. Metaphysics is about exploration and philosophy, not about science and math.Slide28

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METAPHYSICAL cont’d

Metaphysical poetry

also sought to shock the reader and wake him or her up from his or her normal existence in order to question the unquestionable. The poetry often mixed ordinary speech with 

paradoxes

 and 

puns

. The results were strange, comparing unlikely things, such as lovers to a compass or the soul to a drop of dew. These weird comparisons were called 

conceits (aka a far-fetched and often extended metaphor).Slide29

Do You Know:

OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVESlide30

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE

SUBJECTIVE: a subject's personal perspective, feelings, beliefs, desires or discovery.

OBJECTIVE: not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiasedSlide31

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Vocab: EFFUSIVE

expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.

"an effusive welcome"

synonyms: gushing, gushy, unrestrained, extravagant, fulsome, demonstrative, lavish, enthusiastic, lyrical;Slide32

Do You Know:

PARABLESlide33

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

PARABLE

Is a short story that teaches a moral or spiritual lesson; especially : one of the stories told by Jesus Christ and recorded in the Bible.

It is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.Slide34

Do You Know:

MELODRAMATICSlide35

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

MELODRAMATIC

m

eans characterized by a kind of performance or exaggeration of emotions.

A

melodrama

is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often simply drawn, and may appear stereotyped.Slide36

Do You Know:

PARODYSlide37

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

PARODY

A parody is a humorous or mocking imitation of something, using the same form as the original. (

Eg

., To parody a poem, you have to write another poem.)

A parody is a form of humor that spoofs — or satirizes — something using the same form. For example, shows like "Saturday Night Live" and "The Daily Show" have parodied real newscasts by doing fake newscasts that look like the real thing. Slide38

Do You Know:

DRAMATIC MONOLOGUESlide39

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE

a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of a single imagined persona (NOT the poet)

in a specific situation at a critical moment that reveals the speaker's temperament and character. In this monologue, the speaker addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker (we never actually hear/read what the person being addressed says,

h

ence MONO-

logue

, not DIA-

logue

)Slide40

Do You Know:

EXPOSE’Slide41

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

EXPOSE’

(French past part., "revealed"):

A journalistic or literary revelation or exposure--especially of something discreditable or scandalous.

Examples of non-fiction exposés include

All the President's Men

by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, which revealed Nixon's involvement with the Watergate scandal, and Edwin Markham's

Children in Bondage

, which exposed the evils of child labor.

Fictional narratives can also reveal real-world scandals, such as Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel

, The Jungle

, which exposed consumers to the exploitation of meat-packing workers, and the poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake which also acted in many ways as exposes of child labor practices in London.Slide42

Do You Know:

EVOCATIONSlide43

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

EVOCATION

Is the act of bringing something into the mind or memory : the act of evoking something;

a

passage that calls to mind a particular experience or event, especially using highly descriptive language.Slide44

Do You Know:

METONYMSlide45

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METONYM

is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.Slide46

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

METONYM

(examples)

The orders came directly from the White House.

This land belongs to the crown.Slide47

Do You Know:

EXPRESSIONISMSlide48

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

EXPRESSIONISM

is a writing approach, process, or technique in which a writer depicts a character’s feelings about a subject (or the writer’s own feelings about it) rather than the objective surface reality of the subject. A writer, in effect, presents his interpretation of what he sees. Often, the depiction is a grotesque distortion or phantasmagoric representation of reality, for the character or writer must reshape the objective image into his mind's image. Slide49

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

EXPRESSIONISM

However, there is logic to this approach: Not everybody perceives the world in the same way. What one person may see as beautiful or good another person may see as ugly or bad. Sometimes a writer or his character suffers from a mental debility, such as depression or paranoia, which alters his perception of reality. Expressionism enables the writer to present this altered perception. An example of a character who sees reality through his mind's eye is Joseph K., the protagonist of Franz Kafka's novel

The Trial

. Slide50

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Vocab: STACCATO

with each sound or note sharply detached or separated from the others.

EG: Katie Perry sings, “You’re

gonna

hear me ROA – OAR – OAR- OAR – OAR – OAR”Slide51

Do You Know:

SYNTAXSlide52

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

SYNTAX

is

the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given

language.

The elements of syntax include sentence length, sentence type, the number of sentences, the rhythm of sentences, voice (active or passive), and word order or arrangement.Slide53

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

IMAGERY

i

s the use of highly descriptive language that appeals to any of the five sensesSlide54

Do You Know:

ANTECEDENTSlide55

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

ANTECEDENT

a

word, phrase, or

clause that

is replaced by a pronoun

in

the same or in another, usually subsequent, sentence.

Jane

lost a glove and she can't find

it.

Jane

is the antecedent of

she

and

glove

is the antecedent of

it

.Slide56

Do You Know:

ANACHRONISMSlide57

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

ANACHRONISM

is a

thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned

.

The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare.Slide58

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

Vocab: ANTHROPOLOGICAL

r

elating to the

science of humans and their works

.

Also, the

science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.Slide59

Do You Know:

SUBORDINATE or DEPENDENT CLAUSESSlide60

Rhetorical and Literary Terms

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

AKA, a DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Is a

clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause

(

e.g., “when it rang” in

she answered the phone when it rang”).