Human territoriality is the attempt to control what goes on in a specific geographical area There are various ways to control space that range from pure physical force of an individual to organized sets of law Most geographers believe that human territoriality differs from the territorial beha ID: 585904
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Slide1
Territoriality
“Human territoriality is the attempt to control what goes on in a specific geographical area. There are various ways to control space that range from pure physical force of an individual to organized sets of law. Most geographers believe that human territoriality differs from the territorial behavior observed in other forms of life because human behavior is learned and animal behavior is instinctive.”
Alexander B. Murphy,
Dept
of Geography, University of OregonSlide2
Territoriality
A
country’s or more local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
Human territoriality is an attempt at control
It is learned
Most prevalent boundaries are man-made (political boundaries)
Boundary – Invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory.
It is learned, it is accepted, occasionally it is challenged
Most challenges take place when other feel they can control it betterSlide3
Physical Boundaries
Desert
Sahara desert (N. Africa & Sub-Saharan Africa)
Mountain
Andes (Argentina & Chile)
Himalayas (East Asia & South Asia)
Water
Rivers, lakes, oceans
Rio Grande, (U.S. & Mexico)
Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda)
Atlantic Ocean (Europe & Americas)Slide4
Water Boundaries
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country’s EEZ to extend 200 nautical miles. Slide5
UNCLOS
Third version adopted in 1982 (after 1958 & 1960 versions)
Set limits on the limits of ocean a country may
claim
12
nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water
Territorial waters – The area of sea around a country’s coast recognized as being under that country’s jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982.
200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast
.
High seas – The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country.Slide6
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Keep in mind – the US has
not
signed the Convention (though it helped negotiate it).Slide7Slide8
Shapes of States
Compact States
Prorupt
States
Elongated States
Fragmented States
Perforated StatesSlide9
Compact States
From center to any border does not vary significantly
Ideal: circle with capital at centerSlide10
Prorupt States
Compact state with a large extension
Many reasons for extension
Resources
Separate two states that would share a borderSlide11
Elongated States
Long & narrow shape
Poor communication an issue in elongated statesSlide12
Fragmented States
Several discontinuous pieces of territory
Can be separated by water or by another stateSlide13
Perforated States
A state that completely surrounds another state
Generally, states that are surrounded are landlocked (not all the time)Slide14
Landlocked States
Landlocked states have no direct access to the sea – so their access to international trade is severely limited.
Landlocked states have to depend on the cooperation of their neighbors.Slide15
Quiz: Gambia
ElongatedSlide16
Senegal
PerforatedSlide17
Uruguay
CompactSlide18
Italy
ElongatedSlide19
Philippines
FragmentedSlide20
Democratic Republic of Congo
ProruptSlide21
Angola
FragmentedSlide22
Namibia
ProruptedSlide23
Zimbabwe
CompactSlide24
Vietnam
ElongatedSlide25
Tanzania
FragmentedSlide26
Shapes of States
Compact
Prorupt
Elongated
Fragmented
PerforatedSlide27
Buffers
All of the highlighted countries have been considered "buffer states":
Eastern Europe (between the USSR and US allies in Western Europe).
Mongolia (between China and Russia)
Nepal and Bhutan (between India and China)
Jordan (between Saudi Arabia and Israel)Slide28
Cultural Boundaries
Geometric
141° west longitude(Alaska & Canada)
38° north latitude (N. & S. Korea)
Religion
Pakistan/Bangladesh & India
Language
Czechoslovakia (Czech & Slovak languages) & Yugoslavia (South Slavic languages)
Both later divided
furtherSlide29
An Ethnic Boundary: CyprusSlide30
Internal Organization of a State
Federal
Unitary
Splits power between a central government & local governments
Can work well in multinational states
Suitable for large states
Examples:
U.S.
Russia
Canada
India
Belgium
Most power held by a central government
Works best with few cultural differences
Needs strong communication
Compact states
Examples:
France
UK
the Netherlands
South Africa
ChinaSlide31
Capital
Capital – A town or city that is the official seat of government in a political entity, such as a state or nation.
Forward Thrust Capital
Capital that is placed in a less populated area to draw internal migrants & development to that area
Example:
Brasilia,
BrazilSlide32
Federal & Unitary States
Federal States
Unitary States