by Carrie Sue Casey GMU Graduate Thesis Peace Operations Policy Program 2008 Approach and Goal Content analysis of reporting on TIP incidents in three 3 rd party postconflict interventions BiH Kosovo and Iraq ID: 412844
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The Intersection of Trafficking in Persons and the Presence of Third-Party Interveners: A Content Analysis of TIP Reports about Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Iraq
by Carrie Sue Casey
GMU Graduate Thesis
Peace Operations Policy Program 2008Slide2
Approach and Goal
Content analysis of reporting on TIP incidents in three 3
rd
party, post-conflict interventions: BiH, Kosovo, and Iraq
Wanted to learn:
How/if interventions affected TIP reporting
What reports revealed about TIP type, victims, and perpetratorsSlide3
Methodology: TIP DEFINITION
The U.N. protocol on “trafficking in persons,” adopted by the
General
Assembly in 2000
, defined TIP as
:
the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs
.
Distinction
between TIP and
smuggling: was
coercion or force involved?
Slide4
Case Selection: BiH , Kosovo, and Iraq
Rules:
Had
to be country or protectorate
TIP had been discovered there
3
rd
party intervention
AND some TIP reports coincide with interventionSlide5
Time Frames
2
Years
BEFORE
Intervention
to June 30, 2006
BIH
Baseline Jan. 1994-Dec. 1995
Post-intervention Jan. 1996-June 2006
Kosovo
Baseline June 1997-May 1999
Post-intervention June 2001-May 2003
Iraq
Baseline June 2001-May 2003
Post-intervention June 2003-June 2006Slide6
The Three Cases
Kosovo
(Baseline June 1997-May 1999/Post-intervention June 2001-May 2003
)
P
rolonged
and unique status as de facto U.N. protectorate
Interveners’ powerful
role
10
years – long enough to demonstrate trends and patterns
BiH
(Baseline Jan
. 1994-Dec.
1995/Post-intervention Jan. 1996-June 2006)
E
ven longer -- over
12
years
Iraq
(Baseline
June 2001-May
2003/Post
-intervention June 2003-June
2006)
Middle
Eastern
environment
D
ifferent
form of
intervention
C
onstituted
an ongoing stabilization
effort
Approx. decade
after
BiH
and
Kosovo interventions beganSlide7
TIP Incidents
Units of analysis were TIP incidents
Uncovered
any and all mentions of TIP, and/or perpetrators of TIP, and/or TIP victims in conjunction with a case
nameSlide8
FINDINGS: Incidents
BiH
(Baseline Jan. 1994-Dec. 1995/Post-intervention Jan. 1996-June 2006)
Total
: 169; all post-intervention
Kosovo
(Baseline June 1997-May 1999/Post-intervention June 2001-May 2003)
Total: ~105
1 dated pre; 5 straddled; 100 post-intervention
Iraq
(Baseline June 2001-May 2003/Post-intervention June 2003-June 2006)
Total: 2 pre; 2 straddled; 18 post-interventionSlide9
FINDINGS
TIP
reporting
increased
in
all the post
-conflict, post-intervention time frames.
Reporting
trends
supported
link
between TIP
and third-party interventions
Slide10
TIP Types
13
different
types
sex, domestic
servitude, dancing, bar work, cohabitation, care-giving, labor, waitressing, organ harvesting, agricultural work, marriage, begging, and abandonment.
Sex
and labor:
common denominator
Iraq: predominantly
labor TIP
BiH
and
Kosovo
typically
sex
-
related
TIP
BiH:
significant
number of labor-related TIP
Slide11
BiH TIP Types
12 types:
sex
domestic servitude
dancing
bar work
cohabitation
care
-
giving
labor
waitressing
organ harvesting
agricultural work
marriage
b
egging
S
ex-related most
prevalent; Labor
2
nd
mostSlide12
Kosovo TIP Types
5
types
Sex
Labor
Organ-harvesting
Marriage
Begging
Sex-related appeared most (in all 3 time frames)Slide13
Iraq TIP Types
4 types
Dancing
S
ex
Labor
Abandonment
Labor
most prevalent Slide14
Victims
BiH and
Kosovo:
young
Eastern European
overwhelming
female
victims
sex trafficking
Iraq
:
South Asian
mostly (but only slightly mostly) male victims
labor
traffickingSlide15
BIH Victims
-
Females, under 18 (none over 30**)
-Part of small groups (under 5 ppl)
-3
main E
. European nationalities (Moldovan, Romanian, Ukrainian)
-Provided sex services Slide16
Kosovo Victims
-female, very young (none over 20)
-part of small group (under 5 ppl)
-4 E. European nationalities (Moldovan, Ukrainian, Romanian, and some form of Albanian)
-provided sex servicesSlide17
Iraq Victims
Male but not overwhelmingly so
South Asian (India or Nepal)
Could be a wide age range but reporting rarely mentioned age
Worked for/planned to work for US/Coalition Forces
No particular sized groupsSlide18
Perpetrators
Operating
in
small
groups
Descriptions of perpetrators as contractors appeared in all three
cases
Tended
to be Asian, European, South/Central American, and
American
Only nationality in
all three cases: AmericanSlide19
BiH Perps
Adults (31-50 yrs old)
Male
American or Bosnian
Small groups
Police: “Local police” affiliations or IPTF
Bar/brothel owners or employees
NATO SFORSlide20
Kosovo perps
Adults (18-50 yrs old)
Male
F
orm
of Albanian
Small groups
Internat’l Police, esp. UNMIK or UN, but involved local KPS
Sex clients, forced victims to provide sex, inflicted abuse on victimsSlide21
Iraq Perps
No age info
Male or female
Jordanian or Turkish
Small groups: affiliated with USG or US mil as contractors
Lured victims under false pretenses (labor oriented)Slide22
ExamplesSlide23
Why do we care? Because TIP threatens peace and security.
Develops underclass of victims (displaced persons, refugees)
Perpetrators undercut rule of law, feed corruption, fuel organized crime, and perpetuate underclass of TIP victims: generate
instability
Can cause distrust of peacekeepers
Damage and trauma to local population
Prevention: the more we know, the more we can prevent and address TIPSlide24
Recommendations
T
raining
should make
U
SG
aware
of
risks
TIP poses to
their mission
Clearinghouse that tracks defense contractors and their involvement with
TIP
Adapt methodology to develop/update profiles of TIP victims/perpetrators – then develop training programs Slide25
THANK YOU!Slide26
BACK-UP SLIDESSlide27
DETAILED FINDINGS: Kosovo TIP Types
Pre-intervention: 1 incident (sex type; Kosovar F victim)
Straddle:
Post-intervention:
5 types showed up in 62 incidents.
Sex-related most prevalent
unspecified (43)
Sex (60)
Organs (1)
Begging (2)
Marriage (1)
Labor (2) Slide28
EXAMPLES OF INCIDENTS
KOSOVO
We
have been very active this week in acting against the trafficking of women for
prostitution…On
2 October, three Kosovo Albanian males were arrested in Lipjan for trafficking in
women…On
5 October, five persons were detained at Gate 3 of the Serbian-Kosovo boundary as they attempted to enter
Kosovo…A
31-year-old Kosovo Albanian and a 27-year-old Serbian were arrested for their involvement in trafficking three women from Moldova, Romania and Bosnia into Kosovo and the club was closed.
On 4 October we raided the PLAYBOY Club in Ferizaj/Urosevac. Inside the crowded club, five women, the youngest only 18 years, were found entertaining a large number of men. One Kosovo-Albanian male was arrested for controlling the women. All five were removed to Ferizaj Police Station
.” Slide29
Methodology: Data Collection
Reviewed 377 raw data excerpts using criteria (date, perp, or victim mention) and dividing into specific incidents
Handwritten sheets to examine for type, victims, and perpsSlide30
SOURCES
BiH: 61 sources (0 pre)
N
ewspaper articles (34); Reports (12); DoS cables (5); Journals (0)
Kosovo: 47 sources (1 pre; rest post)
Newspaper (36); Reports (6); UN (4); DoS cables (1); Journals (0)
4 data sources addressed same incident; 12 addressed multiple incidents each; 35 sources addressed just 1 incident each
Iraq: 16 sources (2 pre)
Newspaper articles (14); Book review (1); HRW report (1)Slide31
Limitations
This study only focused on three post-conflict environments in just two geographic areas. Because of these limitations, the findings did not capture TIP reporting trends or attendant details for the many other geographic areas where TIP exists. The time frames were also restrictive because they limited the universe of reports from which findings could be pulled.