The Arabian World Desert Dwellers inhabited by Bedouin societies occupations were herding camels and goats with some agriculture towns ruled by clans and tribes with conflicts over water and land ID: 730204
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Slide1
The Rise of Islam
ca. 600 - 1200Slide2
The Arabian World
Desert
Dwellers
inhabited by Bedouin societiesoccupations were herding camels and goats with some agriculturetowns ruled by clans and tribes with conflicts over water and landTrade and Societytrade linked Mediterranean to East AsiaMecca (home of Ka’ba) became most importantmerchants made money selling goods/religious artifacts to travelerscommercialized, polytheistic society in citiesSlide3
The Life of Muhammad
Family
born
in the Quraysh clan about 570raised by father’s family, became merchant, married widowinfluenced by contact with Jews and ChristiansBeginning of dar al-Islambecame dissatisfied with material life and meditatedin 610, received revelations from Gabrielteachings written in Arabic and collected in the Quranother
sayings collected in the much later HadithIslam means “submission” or self-surrender to Allahreferred to himself as the “seal of prophets”Slide4
The Birth of Islam
Persecution and Unity
seen
as a threat to social and economic order by Mecca’s rulers fled to Medina in 622(hijra), marks the beginning of the Islamic era (calendar)leadership brought followersMuhammad attacked Mecca in 630 and forced elites to convert and established new governmentcontained elements of other monotheistic religions, respect for prophets
Organization unified society with distinct indigenous monotheismold tribal boundaries gave way to the “umma”all believers equal before Allahthe Quran became basis for teaching and law (Sharia)comprehensive legal and social code
Muslims
follow the Five Pillars of Faith
all
should be converted to the faith,
jihad
(struggle)Slide5
The Spread of Islam
The
Umayyads
after Muhammad’s death in 632, unity threatened due to no successor advisors selected Abu Bakr to serve as caliph ruled as head of state and religious and military leaderwarrior elite dominated and armies went on the offensive Conquest and ExpansionIslam became common cause for aggressive expansion, wealth a motivation
jihad used as justification for spread, but present idea misrepresents early expansionArab armies invaded surrounding empires and dominated the Mediterraneanmoved into northern Africa and southern Europe (early 700s)Slide6
Succession and Society
The
Sunni-Shi’i Split
murder of 3rd caliph, renewed rivalriesMuhammad’s supporters followed Ali who served brieflyAli was rejected by the Umayyads so Sunni comes from Umayyad leadershipShi’i supported Ali’s descendantsEconomy
agricultural base – staple crops: sugarcane, rice, wheat, fruits led to increased food supply and textile industrypaper-making learned from China due to trade that used old Persian and Roman roadscamel saddles allowed goods to move by caravan and lateen
sail and astrolabe allowed ocean trade
Gender and Culture
pre-Islamic
women had many
rights but later veiling
and seclusion came from Persia
over time interpretations restricted women, Quran reinforced male
dominance
language
and law provided unifying
bond while madrassas
promoted educationmissionary proselytized – Sufi mystics had goal of making Islam more spiritualSlide7Slide8