The Life of Muhammad and the genesis of Islam Muhammad influenced the worship of a single almighty god Allah Orphaned Resided in Mecca as a trader Married the widow Khadijah Revelations from Allah were given to Muhammad via the angel Gabriel in 610 CE ID: 465677
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Slide1
Rise of Islam and the First Empires Slide2
The Life of Muhammad
and the genesis of
Islam
Muhammad influenced the worship of a single, almighty god - AllahOrphanedResided in Mecca as a trader Married the widow KhadijahRevelations from Allah were given to Muhammad via the angel Gabriel in 610 CERevelations were written in Arabic & collected in the Qur’anBasis for Islam
Muhammed is seen as threat to the
Umayyads
Flees Mecca to
Yathrib
(Medina) on what is known as the
Hijra
(
Ist
year of Islamic Calendar)
Quraysh
launched a series of attacks on Muhammad and his followers in MedinaSlide3Slide4
Reasons for Islam in the Arab World
Islam
offered monotheism equal to that of Christianity & Judaism
Also it was distinctively Arabic in originUmma (Islamic community) offered political unity for tribal boundariesBedouins united and conquered the Middle EastIslam provided ethicsZakat – tax for charityMuhammad’s teachings & revelations in the Qur’an regulated
ALL
aspects of Muslim life
Last JudgmentSlide5
The Arab empire of Umayyads
Consolidation & Division in the Islamic Community
There was a leadership crisis after Muhammad’s death
Who should become the caliph?Abu BakrSucceeded Muhammad as the 1st CaliphRidda
Wars
defeat of rival prophets
Restores unity of IslamSlide6Slide7
Weakness of Adversary Empires
A
. Sassanid Empire
ZoroastrianismAnimistic religionsBased on moral choicesMuslims assassinated Sassanian rulers the ended the Sassanid empire in 651
Byzantine Empire
Christian sects (Copts & Nestorians) rallied to Arab Muslims since they would tolerate Christians and tax them less heavily
Copts & Nestorians viewed as heretics by Orthodox Byzantines
The Byzantine empire survived Islam, but was constantly under siege by Muslim attacksSlide8
Succession and the Sunni – Shiite split
Uthman
- 3rd
caliphunpopular because he was chosen by the UmayyadMurdered by disobedient warriorsAli proclaimed caliph causing a split within
Islam
Ali
Rejected by
Umayyads
as caliph
Battle of
Siffin
Loses support because he tries to mediate with
Umayyads
Umayyad leader
Mu’awiya
proclaimed Caliph of Jerusalem & challenges Ali’s position
Assassinated, 661
Ali’s
Son,
Hasan,
renounces
caliphate due to pressure from
Umayyads
Husayn
(Ali’s other son) claims
Caliphate
Killed
, Karbala, 680Slide9Slide10
Spread and Decline
Umayyad Imperium
Spread
conquests into Central AsiaIslam rivaled with BuddhismNorthwest IndiaNorth AfricaExpansion into Europe blocked by Charles Martel and the Franks at GibraltarCenter of Islam shifts from Mecca to Damascus
Alienation of Muslim faith led to revolts
The Abbasid Revolt in
Merv
Supported by Shiites &
Malwai
Defeated
UmayyadsSlide11Slide12
Early Abb
a
sid Era
Islam became a universal religionSunni ruleSuppressed Shiites who were seen as hereticsBaghdadCapital of the Abbasid dynastyBureaucratization of Islamic EmpireIslamic Conversion & Mawali acceptance
Integration of Arab & Non-Arab converts
Most converted willinglySlide13
Commercial Boom, Agrarian Expansion, and Social Standings
Dhows – sailing vessels
Traded with Christians and Jews
UrbanizationGovernment & private workshopsAyan – landowning eliteArtisians were poorly paid
Slaves
did labor and unskilled work