Monotheism As states and empires increased in size and contacts between regions multiplied religious and cultural systems were transformed Religions and belief systems provided a bond among the people and an ethical ID: 649792
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Slide1
Judaism, Christianity & Islam
MonotheismSlide2
As states and empires increased in size and contacts between
regions multiplied
, religious and cultural systems were transformed. Religions and belief systems provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by.
KC 2.1: The
Development and Codification of
Religious and Cultural TraditionsSlide3
These shared beliefs also influenced and reinforced political
, economic
, and occupational stratification. Religious and political authority often merged as rulers (some of whom were considered divine)
used religion
, along with military and legal structures, to justify their rule and ensure its continuation.
KC 2.1: The
Development and Codification of
Religious and Cultural TraditionsSlide4
The Beginning of Judaism
According to the
Torah, about 2000 B.C. a man named Abraham lived near Ur in Mesopotamia.
He and his family migrated to Canaan, modern-day Israel.Slide5Slide6
The Beginning of Judaism
Abraham’s
descendants became known as the Israelites (Israel was the name of Abraham’s grandson). Ancient Israelites, also called Hebrews, differed from their neighbors in that they were
monotheistic
.Slide7
Judaism Expands
According to the Torah, God made a two-part promise called a
covenant to Abraham:God would have a special relationship with Abraham and his descendants.
God would give the land of Canaan to the Israelites, it therefore became known as “the promised land.”
The Israelites were to be faithful to God and fulfill certain obligations to Him.Slide8
Judaism Expands
A
famine in Canaan caused the Israelites to migrate to Egypt where they became slaves.An Israelite named Moses later renewed the covenant and eventually led the Israelites out of Egypt back to the land of Canaan
.
Moses authored the Torah,
the first 5 books of the Bible.Slide9
Judaism Expands
By
1000 B.C. the Israelites set up their nation. They consisted of twelve separate tribes.The second King of Israel, David, united the kingdom and his son,
Solomon
expanded it further.The nation split and experienced civil war after Solomon’s reign:
North = Israel South = JudahSlide10
Israel & Judah conquered
722 B.C. the Assyrians conquered Israel
586 B.C. The Babylonian armies of Nebuchadnezzar conquered Judah and forced most of the people to move and live in exile in Babylon.539 B.C. Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and began to free the Israelites.Since most of them came from Judah, they became known as
“Jews.”
Many Jews returned to Jerusalem in Judah and began rebuilding the temple.Slide11
Judaism beliefs
The concepts of law, civil order and morality were central to Judaism from its beginning.
Many of their laws dealt with everyday matters such as cleanliness and food preparation. Others defined criminal matters, moral principles and religious ceremonies.The 10 Commandments are a set of laws the Jewish people believe God gave to them through Moses.
Jewish
prophets taught a strong code of ethics and called the people to be faithful to God.Slide12
Judaism today
Judaism is a major world religion today.
Christianity and Islam trace their roots back to Judaism.There are several groups within Judaism today:Orthodox
Conservative
ReformedThose who are Jewish by culture but are not religiousSlide13
ChristianitySlide14
Rise of Christianity
About 30 A.D. a Jew named Jesus developed followers as a result of his preaching.
Most of what we know about him comes from the New Testament portion of the Christian Bible.Slide15
Rise of Christianity
According
to the New Testament, people followed Jesus because:His teaching was based on Jewish traditionWord spread that he could perform miracles
He used parables and simple stories to teach understandable moral principles
His focus was on loving God and loving your neighborSlide16
Rise of Christianity
The New Testament
Gospels tell how the Jewish leaders did not like Jesus because they feared his speeches would ignite rebellion against Rome.He was betrayed by one of his closest followers, tried and condemned to be executed
.Slide17
Rise of Christianity
The
Roman government frequently used crucifixion as a means of execution: nailing or binding a person to a cross and left to die.The Gospels report that after Jesus died, he
was buried but came
back to life and commanded his followers to take his message of love and forgiveness to the world.Slide18
Christianity spreads
Followers of Jesus spread his message throughout the Roman world.
Before long Christianity was declared illegal and widespread persecution broke out.However Christianity continued to appeal to many as they found comfort in the message of love, equality, mercy, and the promise of a better life after death
.Slide19
Christianity spreads
Persecution
ended in 313 A.D. when the emperor Constantine issued the “Edict of Milan,” which gave freedom of worship to all citizens of the empire.Slide20
Christian beliefs
Basic New Testament concepts:
No one is perfect and is therefore in need of forgiveness.Forgiveness comes from God to anyone who places their faith, or belief, in the idea that Jesus paid the price for their imperfection when he died on the cross.
After being forgiven, Christians follow the teaching of Jesus to love God and love their neighbor.Slide21
Christian Structure Today
Roman
Catholic
Baptist
Presbyterians
Lutherans
Greek Orthodox
Roman
Catholic
Amish
Nondenominational
Methodist
There are many denominations that adhere only to the teachings of the New Testament
Latter Day Saints
Jehovah Witnesses
Christian Science
There are some groups that include additional sources of inspiration Slide22
IslamSlide23
Rise of Islam
Who are the Arabs?
Semitic people like Phoenicians, Jews, Egyptians, Syrians
Tradition - son of Abraham through Ishmael
Roman times - many were Bedouin- lived in desert, usually tribal and polytheistic
R
evered
Black meteor Ka’ba in MeccaSlide24
Founder Mohammed 570-632
Married wealthy widow, managed trade
Received a message from Gabriel
(angel)
with a new revelation to
follow the monotheism of
Judaism and Christianity
spent time in desert contemplating
returned to convert others – trouble
Hijra
: 622 A.D he left and went to Medina.
Turning point for Islam - many converts hereSlide25
Founder Mohammed 570-632
Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 A.D.
Destroyed idols in KaabaUnited Arabs under IslamMuhammad died in 632 A.D. but Islam has grown into one of the world’s largest religions.Slide26
Beliefs of Islam
Qur’an (Koran)- basis sacred book, ethical guide
Five Pillars
One God and his name is Allah
(Mohammed is his prophet
)
Pray 5 x a day facing Mecca
Fast during daylight during Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca - once in life time
Give alms to the
poorSlide27
Beliefs of Islam
Laws-
no alcohol, pork, dishonest
Belief in being hospitableSlide28
Spread of Islam
Abu
Bakr
, Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen as his successor (caliph)
Ali – Muhammad’s son-in-law (Shiites)
Leader must come from Muhammad’s daughter
Others felt any good, devoted male from Muhammad’s tribe could be leader (Sunnis)
Today 90% of Muslims are Sunni.Slide29
Through the centuries