3 rd Edition Chapter 1 Introduction Mario De La Garza MEd University of North Texas Counseling Theory Advantages Provides Order and meaning Internally consistent concepts and terms Rationale ID: 651984
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Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3rd Edition Chapter 1: Introduction
Mario De La Garza, M.Ed.
University of North TexasSlide2
Counseling Theory (Advantages)ProvidesOrder and meaningInternally consistent concepts and terms
Rationale
Explains
How individuals develop
Problems individuals face
How counseling can helpSlide3
Similarities among Counseling TheoriesPeople are born with certain innate tendencies and psychological functions.People are influenced by their environments.
People develop due to an interaction of innate tendencies, environment, and other factors.
People can function in preferable or
unpreferable
ways.
People can develop further – to a more preferable mode of functioning.
Counseling can help people develop toward more preferable functioning.Slide4
Differences among Counseling TheoriesHow people are innately endowedHow people are influenced by their environments
How
people develop
What
constitutes preferable functioning
How
people change
How
counseling helps people change toward more preferable functioningSlide5
Why not one theory?Blind men and elephant picture: http://www.satrakshita.com/meditation_from_darkness_to_light.htm
Hologram diagram:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/hologram.htmSlide6
Disadvantages of Counseling TheoryEach theory is a reflection of the theorist’s understanding of human experience and behavior.Each theory, then, becomes a filter that mayMiss certain dataDismiss certain data
Misinterpret certain data
Deny certain dataSlide7
Reconciling Advantages & DisadvantagesDecide to be atheoretical.Decide to be polytheoretical.Decide to identify YOUR theory of counseling and use resources from other theories that align with YOUR theory.Slide8
Is there a superior theory?No one counseling approach has emerged superior to other approaches.Intelligent, insightful people disagree on how they see the world.Currently, the largest percentage of counselors identify with cognitive-behavioral, existential, and psychodynamic theories.Slide9
Identifying Your Guiding Theory of CounselingEven now, you would respond to a client in a counseling session based on some rationale.You already have ideas about human nature, role of the environment in personality development, healthy and unhealthy functioning, and personality change processes.Thus, you already have a counseling theory, and it probably matches one of the existing theories better than the others.Slide10
The Seven C’s of Counseling TheoryCompleteClearConsistentConcreteCurrentCreativeConsciousSlide11
Watts’s Four-stage Model of Theory IdentificationExploration stageExamination stageIntegration stagePersonalization stageSlide12
Nature/Nurture QuestionFor most personality traitsGenes explain 30% – 50% of varianceEnvironment explains 50% – 70% of variance
Non-shared, unique experiences have more influence than shared factors.
Caregiver behavior may be the result, rather than the cause, of a child’s behavior.
Genes may be expressed at different ages or under specific circumstances.Slide13
Nature/Nurture QuestionA person’s destiny is NOT determined by one’s genes.Genetics has been linked to schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, antisocial behavior, anxiety disorder, extreme introversion, and other phenomena for which individuals seek counseling.
Prevailing view in mental health: Distressing psychological symptoms are the result of a combination of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental factors (stress).Slide14
DSM 5 DiagnosisAmerican Psychiatric Association published the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1952.Purpose
Identify categories of mental disorders
Establish nationally acceptable nomenclature and descriptions of mental disorders
Determine incidence rates of mental disordersSlide15
PharmacotherapyHas been found to be less effective than psychotherapyHas been found to be as effective as psychotherapyHas been found to be
more effective
than psychotherapy
…depending on the particular study.Slide16
Managed Care and Brief TherapyHealth Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)Medicaid and MedicareFavor approaches that are brief and have been validated, in particular, cognitive-behavioral approachesSlide17
Technical EclecticismEclecticism: selecting what seems best from various systemsImpossible to be atheoreticalA polytheoretical approach is inconsistentTheoretical eclecticism versus technical eclecticismSlide18
Diversity IssuesEthnic diversityReligious diversitySexual orientation
“Respecting diversity means that [counselors] are committed to acquiring the knowledge, skills, personal awareness, and sensitivity that are essential to working effectively with diverse client populations” (Herlihy & Corey, 1996, p. 295).
Respecting diversity is an ethical mandate of the American Counseling Association.Slide19
Effectiveness of PsychotherapyAt least 50% of clients will achieve beneficial outcome in 5 – 10 sessions.20% – 33% of clients will need more than 25 sessions for positive outcome.Lower likelihood of success:
Poor motivation
Hostility
History of poor relationships
PassivitySlide20
Effectiveness of PsychotherapySlide21
Purpose of Your Theories TextHelp you learn about the most prominent theories of psychotherapyHelp you compare and contrast the theories to determine what is
Similar between two or more theories, and
Different between theories / unique to given theories
Help you comparatively evaluate the research supporting the various theories
Help you compare your views about how people are innately endowed, develop, and change with the views of each theorist
…all so that you can
identify
the guiding theory that best reflects your
identity
– that is a “best fit” for you as a developing mental health professional.Slide22
References Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2016). Theoretical models of counseling and psychotherapy (3rd
ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.