But Who Serves Us Scott M Williams PhD LMFT Family and Consumer Sciences CSUN December 17 2010 2010 The Serving Professional We must take care of ourselves so we can take care of ID: 413324
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Slide1
We Serve Others,But Who Serves Us?
Scott M. Williams, PhD LMFT
Family and Consumer Sciences, CSUN
December 17,
2010
©2010Slide2
The Serving Professional
“We must take care of
ourselves
, so we can take care of others”
Crandall & Lawrence©2010Slide3
Identifying Sources of Stress
Necessary to recognize the inevitable sources of stress that are part of care giving
Key to being an “ethical practitioner”
Not to eliminate stresses, but to cope with themIncreased stress manifests as physical, mental, emotional, occupational, and spiritual fatigue
Corey, Corey, & Callanan ©2010Slide4
Identifying Sources of Stress
Being overly responsible
Not allowing those we serve to take responsibility for their progress
Signs of taking too much responsibilityIrritabilityEmotional exhaustionFeelings of isolation
Abuse of alcohol or drugsHaving a relapse from recoveryReduced personal effectivenessIndecisivenessCompulsive work patternsDrastic changes in behaviorFeedback from friends or partnersCorey, et al.©2010Slide5
Unmanaged Stress
Unmanaged stress is the major cause of
burnout
and impairment
©2010Slide6
Burnout
Physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual depletion characterized by feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
(
Corey, et al.) An answer to chronic labor stress that is composed of negative attitudes and feelings toward coworkers and one’s job role, as well as feelings of emotional exhaustion
(Jenaro, Flores, & Arias)Emotional exhaustion is caused by long work hours, heavy involvement in administrative duties, and the perception of having little control over work activities (Stevanovic & Rupert)
©2010Slide7
Impairment
The presence of a chronic illness or severe psychological depletion that is likely to prevent a professional from being able to deliver effective services
Corey, et al
.
©2010Slide8
StressSlide9
Defining Stress
Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects
Taylor
©
2010Slide10
Do We Fight, Flight, or Join With Others?
Fight or Flight:
In response to a perceived threat, the body is rapidly aroused by the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
Allows the organism to attack the threat or to flee the sceneBut what does this mean today?
Fight refers to aggressive responses to stressFlight may be seen in social withdrawal or withdrawal through substance usePeople do not merely fight or flee, they also affiliate with othersTaylor©2010Slide11
Psychological Appraisal
Important determinants of whether an event is responded to as stressful
Two types of Psychological Appraisal
Primary AppraisalSecondary Appraisal
Taylor©2010Slide12
Primary Appraisal
Events may be perceived as positive, neutral, or negative in their consequences
Negative events are further appraised for their potential:
HarmAssessment of the damage that has already been doneThreatAssessment of possible future damage that may be brought about by the event
ChallengeThe potential to overcome and possibly profit from the eventTaylor©2010Slide13
Secondary Appraisal
The assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources
Whether they will be able to deal with the harm, threat, and challenge of the event
When primary appraisals are occurring, secondary appraisals begin
Taylor©2010Slide14
Dimensions of Stressful Events
Negative events are more likely to produce stress than positive ones
Uncontrollable or unpredictable events are more stressful than controllable or predictable ones
Ambiguous events are perceived as more stressful than are clear-cut eventsAdverse aftereffects of stress persist long after stressful event ends, resulting in health hazards, decreases in performance and attention span
Taylor©2010Slide15
Stressful Live Events (SLE)
Daily Hassles (Minor Stressful Events)
Minor hassles can conceivably produce stress and aggravate physical and psychological healthSlide16
Measurement of Daily Strain
Hassles that can cause daily strain
Indicate how much of a strain each of these annoyances has been for you in the past month
Taylor
©2010Slide17
Stressful Live Events (SLE)
Chronic Stressful Conditions
Long-term effect of early stressful life experiences and chronic stressful conditions
Studies show that stressful life events (SLE) predict illness
Taylor ©2010Slide18
Stress in the WorkplaceSlide19
Challenges in the Workplace
Work stress is one of the most preventable stressors
Specific challenges:
Physical HazardsOverloadAmbiguity and Role ConflictSocial RelationshipsControl
Taylor©2010Slide20
Physical Hazards
Exposure to physical, chemical, and biological hazards
Adverse health outcomes can include:
InjuriesCancersRespiratory diseaseCardiovascular disease
Taylor©2010Slide21
Overload
Working too long and too hard at too many tasks
More stress
More health risksTaylor
©2010Slide22
Ambiguity and Role Conflict
Role ambiguity
Occurs when a person has few clear ideas of what is to be done and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work
Role conflictOccurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.
Taylor©2010Slide23
Social Relationships
Not having satisfying social relationships at work is related to job stress
Workers with little opportunity to interact with others are less satisfied with their jobs
Having a poor relationship with one’s supervisor appears to be especially related to job distress
Taylor©2010Slide24
Control
Lack of control over work has been related to a number of stress and illness indicators including:
Job dissatisfaction
AbsenteeismDevelopment of coronary artery disease
Taylor©2010Slide25
Reducing Occupational Stress
Nurture a positive environment
(Crandall & Lawrence)
Reduce physical work stressorsMinimize unpredictability and ambiguity in expected tasks ad standards of performanceInvolve workers as much as possible in the decisions that affect their work life
Make jobs as interesting as possibleProvide workers with opportunities to develop or promote meaningful social relationshipsReward workers for good, rather than focusing on punishmentSupervisors look for signs of stress before stress has an opportunity to do significant damage (Taylor)Treat others the way you want to be treated (Crandall & Lawrence)©2010Slide26
Coping With Stress
“Stress isn’t the problem; it’s how we handle it”
Crandall &
Lawrence
©2010Slide27
How Do We Cope?
Coping is the process of managing demands (external or internal) that are perceived as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
Coping consists of efforts to manage environmental and internal demands and conflicts among them
Taylor
©2010Slide28
Pessimism, Optimism, and Stress
Negativity and Stress
Negative affectivity is a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility
Optimism and StressAn optimistic nature can lead people to cope more effectively with stress and in doing so reduce their risk for illness
Taylor©2010Slide29
Control and Stress
Feeling that you can control a stressful situations can help you effectively cope with stress
Taylor
©
2010Slide30
Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping
Problem-Focused Coping
Involves attempts to do something constructive about the stressful conditions
Emotional-Focused CopingInvolves efforts to regulate emotions experienced because of the stressful event
Taylor©2010Slide31
Basic Techniques of Stress Management
Identify stressors
Identify stress antecedents
Avoid negative self-talkUse positive self-talkAcquire skills
Set new goalsEngage in relaxation trainingSlide32
Behaviors That Can Reduce or Enhance Our StressSlide33
Exercise
Exercise has a beneficial effect on heart functioning
Stress has an adverse effect
Stress is associated with lesions in the heart tissueCenter for the Advancement of Health recommends 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity activity most/all days of the week
Taylor©2010Slide34
Weight Control
Maintaining a proper diet and getting enough exercise jointly contribute to weight control
Stress affects eating, although in different ways for different people
Taylor
©2010Slide35
Sleep
More than 14 million Americans (mostly over 40) have major sleep disorders (mostly insomnia)
Sleep consists of four stages and all are essential
Stages 3 and 4, known as deep sleep, are the most important for restoring energy and strengthening the immune system
Taylor©2010Slide36
Avoid Alcohol (and Substance) Abuse and Smoking
Symptoms of alcohol abuse include difficulty in performing one’s job because of alcohol consumption, inability to function socially without alcohol, and legal difficulties while drinking, such as drunk driving convictions
Smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable death
Smoking has a synergistic effect on other health-related risk factors; it enhances the harmful effects of other risk factors in compromising health
Taylor©2010Slide37
Maintaining Vitality and Your Mission PlanSlide38
Sustaining the Personal Self
A serious ethical obligation
To work in a competent and ethical manner, professionals need to acquire and regularly practice self-care and wellness strategies
Corey, et al.
©2010Slide39
Self-Care is not an Indulgence
Necessary to prevent distress, burnout, impairment, and to maintain a level of psychological and physical wellness
Self-care involves searching for positive life experiences that lead to zest, peace, excitement, and happiness
Important for us to tend to mind, body, and spiritInvolves learning to pay attention to and be respectful of our needsA lifelong task
Corey, et al.©2010Slide40
Wellness
“A way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live more fully within the human and natural community”
Corey, et al.
©
2010Slide41
Wheel of Wellness
Self-Direction
A sense of mindfulness and intentionality in meeting major life tasks
A sense of worth, a healthy sense of control, realistic beliefs, emotional awareness and coping, problem solving and creativity, a good sense of humor, good nutrition, exercise, gender identity, and cultural identityWork and LeisureProvide a sense of accomplishment and involve a balance between the two
FriendshipIncorporates all of one’s social relationships that involve a connection with othersLoveInvolves long-term, intimate, trusting, compassionate, and mutually committed relationshipsSpiritualityAn awareness of a being or force or value that goes beyond the material dimension and gives a deep sense of wholeness or connectedness to the universeCorey, et al.©2010Slide42
Questions/Comments?
Contact information:
Email:
scott.m.williams@csun.eduWebsite:www.csun.edu/faculty/scott.williamsSlide43
References
Corey, G., Corey, M., and Callanan, P. (2011).
Issues and
ethics in the helping professions (8
th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks Cole.Jenaro, C., Flores, N., and Arias, B. (2007). Burnout and coping in human service practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(1), 80-87.Stevanovic, P. and Rupert, P. A. (2009). Work-family spillover and life satisfaction among professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(1), 62-68.Taylor, S. E. (2006). Health psychology (6
th
ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.