Presented by Dr R R Mistry Asst Professor Department of Physics Deogiri College Aurangabad The Principle biomass resources are i Tree wood leaves and forest industry waste ID: 1026304
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1. Topic –Bio-Mass ResourcesPresented byDr. R. R. MistryAsst. Professor Department of PhysicsDeogiri College, Aurangabad
2. The Principle biomass resources are:- i) Tree (wood, leaves and forest industry waste) ii) Cultivated plants grown for energy iii)Algae and other vegetable from oceans and lakes iv) Urban waste(municipal and industrial waste) v) Rural waste (agricultural and animal waste, crop residue etc.)
3. Animals feed on plants and plants grow through the photosynthesis process using solar energy. Thus the photosynthesis process is primarily responsible for generation of biomass energy. A small portion of the solar radiation is captured and stored in plants during the photosynthesis process. The average efficiency of photosynthesis conversion of solar energy into biomass energy is about 0.5 to 1%. The initial biomass may be transformed by chemical or biological processes to produce more convenient intermediate bio-fuel such as methane, ethanol and charcoal.
4. A large quantity of biomass is available in our country in the form of dry waste like agro residues, fuel wood, twigs etc. and wet waste like cattle dung, organic effluents, sugarcane bagasse, banana stems etc. the potential for generation of electric power/ cogeneration is 16,881MW from agro residues and 5000MW from bagasse through cogeneration. The potential from urban waste is 2,700MW.
5. The main advantages of biomass energy:-1) It’s a renewable source of energy. 2) It’s a comparatively lesser pollution generating energy. 3) Biomass energy helps in cleanliness in villages and cities. 4) It provides manure for the agriculture and gardens. 5) There is tremendous potential to generate biogas energy.6) Biomass energy is relatively cheaper and reliable. 7) It can be generated from everyday human and animal wastes, vegetable and agriculture left-over etc. 8) Recycling of waste reduces pollution and spread of diseases. 9) Growing biomass crops use up carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.
6. The main disadvantages of biomass energy:- 1) It is dispersed and land-intensive source. 2) It is often of low energy density. 3) Not feasible to set up at all locations. 4) Biogas plant requires space and produces dirty smell. 5) Due to improper construction many biogas plants are working inefficiently. 6) It is difficult to store biogas in cylinders.
7. 7) Transportation of biogas through pipe over long distances is difficult. 8) Many easily grown grains like corn, wheat are being used to make ethanol. This can have bad consequences if too much of food crop is diverted for use as fuel. 9) Crops which are used to produce biomass energy are seasonal and are not available over whole year.
8. Wind Energy:- Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with movement of large masses of air. These motions results from uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, creating temperature, density and pressure differences. It is an indirect form of solar energy. Wind energy can be available continuously throughout a 24-hour a day. It is a clean, cheap and eco-friendly renewable source. The wind energy is supposed to be mechanical energy with the help of a wind turbine.
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12. The mechanical energy obtained can either be used as to operate farm appliances and water pumping or converted to electric power. A generator coupled to a wind turbine is known as aero-generator. Very slow winds are useless because there is no possibility of power generation. On the other hand very strong stormy winds cannot be utilized due to safety of turbine. Moderate to high speed winds typically from 5m/s to about 25 m/s are considered favourable.
13. Development of wind power in India began in December 1952. Wind power accounts for nearly 10% of India's total installed power generation capacity and generated 62.03TWh in the fiscal year 2018–19, which is nearly 4% of total electricity generation. The capacity utilisation factor is nearly 19.33% in the fiscal year 2018-19. Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years. As of 28 February 2021, the total installed wind power capacity was 38.789 GW, the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. The main disadvantages are it is a dispersed, errotic and location-specific source.
14. Tidal Energy/ Ocean Energy:- Tidal energy is a form of hydro power that converts energy of ocean tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. It is in the developing stage and although not yet widely used. Tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Tidal energy exploits the natural rise and fall of coastal tidal waters caused by the interaction of the gravitational fields of the sun and the moon.
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16. The ocean level difference caused due to tides contains large amount of potential energy. The highest level of tidal water is known as flood tide or high tide. The lowest level is known as low tide or ebb. The level difference between the high and low tide is known as tidal range. The tidal range are varies with location. Only sites with large tidal ranges (about 5 m or more) are considered suitable for power generation.
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18. Tidal mills were in use on the coasts of Spain, France, UK, and China during medieval period, around 1100AD. The first and the biggest a 240 MW tidal power plant was built in 1966 in France at the mouth of the La Rance river near St. Malo on the Brittany coast. A 20 MW tidal plant is located at Nova scotia Canada. There is no functional tidal plant in India at present and the total potential has been estimated as 9,000MW. Three sites have been identified for development of tidal energy.
19. Gulf of Kutch: potential=900 MW, tidal range=5 m. Gulf of Cambay(Khambat): potential=7,000 MW, tidal range=6 m. Sundarbans: potential=1,000MW, tidal range=3.9 m. The Ministry of Non-conventional energy sources has sponsored the preparation of a feasibility report by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA) to set up a 3.6 MW capacity demonstration tidal power plant at Durgaduani Creek in the Sundarbans area of West Bengal.
20. The tidal power has many advantages as compared to other form of renewable energy. Tidal are totally predictable. It is completely carbon neutral like wind. A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can only generate when the tide is flowing in or out. In other words tidal power plants work only for 10 hours each day. Tidal power include higher cost of installation and environmental impact on local area.